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Climate Change > Less 6 Transportation > Flashcards

Less 6 Transportation Flashcards

1
Q

Why are fossil fuels used so much?

A

They are easy to transport and their energy density is high.

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2
Q

What comparison shows how cheap gasoline is?

A

Per volume, it’s cheaper then Coke, milk and orange juice.

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3
Q

What percentage of global greenhouse gas emissions are due to transportation?

A

16%

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4
Q

How does that compare to the US?

A

It is the #1 source of greenhouse gases, just ahead of electricity.

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5
Q

By vehicle type, which emit the most CO2?

A

Small passenger vehicle - 47%
Med - Heavy Duty (buses, etc.) - 30%
Cargo/Cruise ships - 10%
Airplanes - 10%
Trains, etc. 3%

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6
Q

How many small passenger vehicles are there in the world?

A

around 1 billion

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7
Q

What do they need?

A

An alternative energy source like ethanol (from plants - biofuels) or
electrofuels.

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8
Q

What are electrofuels?

A

They are made from captured CO2 and hydrogen from wind and solar. They don’t add CO2. THey just send it back into the air.

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9
Q

What types of fuels are plant-fuels and electrofuels?

A

They are drop-in fuels.
They can be used in conventional engines without modification.

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10
Q

What’s the problem with biofuels?

A

All of the problems with agriculture - land use, fertilizers.
Also, the refining process prduces CO2 and it is expensive.

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11
Q

What are car manufacturers focusing on?

A

Electric vehicles.

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12
Q

What is happening with the price of electric cars?

A

They are dropping significantly because, the cost of batteries/storage are declining.

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13
Q

What type of battery will be used in light-duty vehicles?

A

Lithium ion

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14
Q

How many electric vehicles are expected in 10 years?

A

200-300 million

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15
Q

What limits the mileage range?

A

The cost of the battery that the consumer is willing to pay for.

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16
Q

What to we need to do with batteries?

A

Increase their energy density.

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17
Q

What might larger vehicles like trucks and airplanes need?

A

The ability to store energy for their batteries.

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18
Q

What is the limiting factor for heavy-duty vehicles?

A

Weight and volume of the battery which displaces cargo.

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19
Q

What other types of technologies may help with heavy vehicles?

A

Verne uses double-density hydrogen to extend range of large vehicles.

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20
Q

How do they do this?

A

They use green electricty to split water into oxygen and hydrogen (Electrolysis). You can store the hydrogen in an onboard fuel tank. On board, they are recombined to create green electricity to power the vehicle.

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21
Q

What is the advantage of hydrogen?

A

It is much lighter weight than a scaled-up lithium in battery.

22
Q

What else do truck operators need?

A

They need to “re-fuel” faster than passenger cars. Overnight charging doesn’t work for them. Hydrogen may help here, too.

23
Q

What types of hydrogen storage are they looking at?

A

Compressed is safe but it takes up room in the truck.
Liquid hydrogen is used by NASA. It must be stored very cold, though, which uses much energy. It must stay cold.

24
Q

What might be better than liquid hydrogen?

A

Cryo-Compressed Hydrogen.
It’s at moderate pressure and moderate cold temperatures.

25
Q

What is being done in aviation?

A

Zeroavia is developing zero-emission hydrogen-electric airplanes.

26
Q

What else will this allow them to reduce?

A

Not only CO2 emissions but nitrogen oxides, particulate emissions and hi-temp water vapor.

27
Q

Why hydrogen for airplanes?

A

Weight.
Hydrogen contains 100 times more energy than the best battery of today.

28
Q

What does ZeroAvia use instead?

A

Hydrogen fuel cell, not battery.

29
Q

Why is the hydrogen fuel call superior?

A

It does not run down like a battery.

30
Q

How does it work?

A

Combines hydrogen and oxygen (from surrounding air) in annon-combustary way to make water and electricity.

31
Q

What are the emissions from this system?

A

Water and water vapor. It is a very efficient way of generating electricity.

32
Q

How efficient are internal combustion engines?

A

20-30%

33
Q

How efficient are the hydrogen fuel cells?

A

50%

34
Q

Can they add this to existing airplanes?

A

Yes

35
Q

What other advantage does it offer?

A

Because its low temp and low pressure, maintenance costs are much lower.

36
Q

How is the hydrogen produced?

A

Using electricity (green).
In some areas, green electricity is cheaper than traditional.

37
Q

Why is it easier to move to hydrogen for planes then cars?

A

The infrastructure for cars is much larger, with many small locations to re-fuel. It would cost trillions to change these gas stations. That’s why batteries are better for cars. We all have plugs at home.

38
Q

How are airplanes simpler?

A

In the US we only have 450 airports with commercial service.
1/3 of those carry 97% of the traffic.

39
Q

Where would the hydrogen fuel be produced?

A

At the airports.

40
Q

How have we dealt with cargo shipping?

A

The US Navy uses nuclear energy.

41
Q

What statistic does this bring about?

A

Worldwide there are more nuclear reactors at sea than on land.

42
Q

What about cargo shipping?

A

They are also considering nuclear propulsion.

43
Q

What are some advantages of the switch to nuclear?

A

They can travel faster.
It’s compact.
No need for frequent refueling. (it may be many years)

44
Q

What is the Oceanbird project?

A

Try to harvest energy at sea.

45
Q

How would solar energy work at sea?

A

It takes too many solar panels to be practical.

46
Q

How about wave energy?

A

A very difficult solution from an engineering perspective.

47
Q

How about wind?

A

The best potential.

48
Q

What is their process with wind?

A

They create vertical wings to replace the sails.

49
Q

What type of energy is this not?

A

Wind-assisted. You will not always need to have wind.

50
Q

How big is their first ship?

A

Big. 200 meters long and 100 meters tall - slightly taller than the Staue of Liberty.

Climate Change (11 decks)

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