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Russia Unit 2-Industrial and agricultural change, 1917-85 > Lenin's economy, 1918-21 > Flashcards

Lenin's economy, 1918-21 Flashcards

1
Q

What did Lenin, like all Marxists believe an economic revolution was essential to doing?

A

building socialism

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2
Q

What does the term ‘building socialism’ mean?

A

The process of building a new, more equal economy and society.

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3
Q

Summarise some of Lenin’s economic objectives.

A

Modernisation
Consolidation
Military victory
Destroying Capitalism

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4
Q

Why was one of Lenin’s economic objectives modernisation?

A

Believed Socialism required the construction of a highly advanced economy.

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5
Q

Why was one of Lenin’s economic objectives consolidation?

A

Needed economic stability to help retain his hold on power.

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6
Q

Why was one of Lenin’s economic objectives military victory?

A

Needed the economy to supply the Red Army during the Civil War

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7
Q

Why was one of Lenin’s economic objective destroying Capitalism?

A

Wanted to create an economy that was more efficient than Capitalism and ended inequality

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8
Q

Often what did Lenin have to put immediate pragmatic goals above?

A

Long-term ideological goals

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9
Q

What are pragmatic policies?

A

Policy which is designed to achieve specific results, rather than to reflect certain values.
They are often contrasted with idealistic policies.

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10
Q

What was one key problem facing Lenin, in regards to Marx and the economy?

A

Marx had not set out a detailed description of how a Socialist economy would work.

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11
Q

What did Marx argue a Socialist economy would be?

A

Highly advanced
Organised according to ‘a common plan’

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12
Q

Why did Marx not set out a detailed description of how a Socialist economy would work?

A

Argued that it was impossible to describe the future in detail.

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13
Q

From what date did Lenin begin the nationalisation of industry?

A

March 1918

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14
Q

Define Nationalisation.

A

The process by which private property is taken over by the state.

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15
Q

Between what dates was nationalisation at the heart of Lenin’s economic policy?

A

1918 to 1924

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16
Q

What is State Capitalism?

A

A political system in which the state has control of the production and the use of capital.

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17
Q

When did Lenin introduce State Capitalism?

A

March 1918

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18
Q

What did Lenin argue State Capitalism was?

A

Economic phase between capitalism and socialism

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19
Q

What was State Capitalism based on?

A

Nationalisation of large-scale industry

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20
Q

How does nationalisation end capitalism?

A

Passes ownership of industry from capitalists to the new state

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21
Q

Why did Lenin hope nationalisation would lead to greater efficiency?

A

The government could then employ experts to run the economy

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22
Q

Who was control of the nationalised industries centralised by?

A

Vesenkha

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23
Q

What is the Vesenkha?

A

Superior state institution for the management of the economy

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24
Q

During what time did the Vesenkha control the economy?

A

War Communism

25
Q

Another name for the Vesenkha.

A

Supreme Council/Soviet of the National Economy

26
Q

What would the Vesenkha do once they had centralised (focus/concentrated) control of the nationalised industries?

A

Re-establish worker discipline
Ensure factories were properly managed
Co-ordinate economic production

27
Q

How would the Vesenkha re-establish worker discipline?

A

Offering higher pay to productive workers

28
Q

How would the Vesenkha ensure factories were properly managed?

A

Placing them under the control of well-paid specialists

29
Q

Why does the Vesenkha need to co-ordinate economic production?

A

To meet the needs of the new society

30
Q

State Capitalism was always intended to be a temporary measure.
True or false?

A

True

31
Q

What did the start of the Civil War lead to?

A

Introduction of a series of emergency economic measures

32
Q

When was the start of the Civil War?

A

Summer of 1918

33
Q

What did the series of emergency economic measures introduced after the start of the Civil War collectively become known as?

A

War Communism

34
Q

What was the goal of War Communism?

A

Ensure Communist victory in the Civil War

35
Q

What is War Communism?

A

Where the country’s economy was almost totally directed towards equipping and maintaining the Red Army

36
Q

What measures did War Communism entail?

A

Nationalisation of all industry
Food dictatorship
Labour discipline
Abolition of the market

37
Q

What did food dictatorship mean in the War Communism measures?

A

The free market in food was abolished.
Grain forcibly requisition from peasants, and food rationed by the Supply Commissariat

38
Q

Who got the larger rations of food during food dictatorship?

A

Workers and soldiers

39
Q

Who were the smallest rations of food given to during food dictatorship?

A

Bourgeoisie

40
Q

Who were the bourgeoisie?

A

Term used by Karl Marx to describe the middle class

41
Q

What did Lenin do to achieve labour discipline during War Communism?

A

Introduced 11-hour working day.
Introduced compulsory work for all able-bodied men aged 16 to 50

42
Q

What happened in the abolition of the market during War Communism?

A

Money became worthless due to hyperinflation, and was then formally abolished.
Private trade was made illegal.

43
Q

Define hyperinflation.

A

An economic situation in which inflation increased dramatically, usually for a sustained (constant) period.

44
Q

What did War Communism lead to?

A

Military victory but economic ruin.

45
Q

What did War Communism destroy in regards to work?

A

Incentive to work

46
Q

Why did War Communism destroy the incentive to work?

A

Peasants and workers were not rewarded for their labour

47
Q

What economic problems did War Communism bring in the countryside?

A

By 1920 there was a famine.
1921 harvest was only 46% of 1913 harvest
Failures in harvest led to deaths of around 6 million people

48
Q

What economic problems did War Communism bring in the cities?

A

Workers fled cities in search of food
In total industrial workforce declined from 2.6 million workers in 1917 to 1.2 million in early 1921

49
Q

What major economic reform did the economic crisis of 1921 lead to?

A

New Economic Policy (NEP)

50
Q

Who were Narkomprod?

A

Commissariat of Supplies
State committee in charge of food supplies and industrial goods.

51
Q

Define famine.

A

Extreme scarcity of food

52
Q

Define grain requisitioning.

A

Seizing of grain mainly from the Kulaks

53
Q

What was the ‘Ural-Siberian method’?

A

Approach used for the collection of grain from the countryside. It was introduced in Urals and Siberia

54
Q

Define totalitarianism

A

Dictatorship; a form of government where ruler is absolute dictator

55
Q

What is an absolute dictator?

A

Ruler not restricted by a constitution or laws or oppositon etc

56
Q

What was the Decree on Nationalisation?

A

In June 1918 this brought industry under central control within 2 years.

57
Q

What is a political commissar?

A

an official of the Communist Party who was assigned to teach party principles to a military unit.

58
Q

Define free market.

A

Economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses.

Russia Unit 2-Industrial and agricultural change, 1917-85 (7 decks)

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