Leisure, sport and tourism Flashcards
Leisure & development: Low income country - Sudan
- 56% female literacy rate
- 36% of total population live in urban areas
- time is spent on survival-related tasks e.g collecting water
- not a lot of time for leisure activities
- working + playing e.g play fighting while hearding sheep
- scraps are used to made dolls
- not many sporting facilities
- popular sports are football and wrestling because they don’t require much equitment
- tourism infrastructure is undeveloped
Leisure & development: Middle income country - China
- 95% of women read and write
- 64% of total population in urban areas
- shopping is becoming an increasingly popular leisure activity
- free facilities are being built like table tennis and badminton courts
- Migrant workers in China don’t have much leisure time or money
- income rise people are willing to spend more
- goverment invest a lot in Olympic sport development for national pride
- won the 2008 olympics
- won 40 gold medals in 2024 olympic
Leisure & development: High income country - USA
- Female literacy rate is 99%
- 80% of total population live in urban areas
- age between 65-74 have the most leisure time of 7 hours
- Women have less leisure time than men
- decrease in team games more solo activities like jogging
- predicted that 198 million dollars will be spent by 2025 for international travelling by the USA
- more women attended the 2023 olympics
Factors affecting participation in leisure activities
- Affluence (wealth) more disposable income leads to higher spending on leisure and travelling. LICs have less time and money for leisure
- Gender - women with children have less time due to household duties
- Stage in lifecycle - children and pensioners have the highest amont of leisure time, mobility affects type of sport played
- physical factors, in Nordic countries many people do winter sports e.g skiing
Case Study: Machu Picchu
Heritage tourism/rural
- Ancient incan city
- tourists go for historical and cultural interest
- no roads to get there however it’s become a famous tourist hotspot
- niche tourism, people who are looking for smth different
- it’s become a risk for the area due to the large population of tourists that arrive annualy
- Carrying capacity refers to the number of poeple a location can support inorder to be sustainable
- 3700 tickets are sold every day
- UNESCO wants to reduce to 800 tickets however the goverment wants more people to come because it gives them a higher income
- primary resources - the waterfall, the Inca trail and temples
- Secondary resources - tours with the guide
SOCIAL:Positive and negative impacts of tourism in Machu Picchu
POSITIVE:
- pride
- cultural exchange
- income
- facilities can be used by the locals
- locals learn new languages and skills
NEGATIVES:
- conflict between tourists and locals
- loss of traditional values
- crowds in small areas
- competing for services and facilities
-
ECONOMIC:Positive and negative impacts of tourism in Machu Picchu
POSITIVE:
- attract high spending tourists
- Provide extra taxes (good for government)
- it creates local jobs and business opportunities
- money can be used to improve infrastructure
NEGATIVE:
- property values increase
- seasonal jobs only (unemployed)
- poor pay and working conditions
- dependency on tourism
ENVIRONMENTAL:Positive and negative impacts of tourism in Machu Picchu
POSITIVE:
- Preservation of natural, cultural and historical resources
NEGATIVE:
- erosion both by landslides and people walking around
- trees have been cut down for fuel risking fires
Managing carrying capacity in Machu Picchu
- limit 500 hickers on the Inca trail
- they have to have a guide (small group) that can educated them and tech them about the enviorment
- the indiginous people in Peru have been angaged in perserving thier heritage
Urban tourism hotspot Venice
Venice is an island city located in north eastern Italy
- more than 100 islands
- 160 canals and not roads only passageways for walking
Carrying capacity in Venice
- 11,2050 staying in hotels and another 11000 day-trippers
- typically around 25000 tourists a day
- Venice can handle about 8 million tourists a year
- Seasonal tourism is uneven
Primary and secondary resources in Venice
Primary:
- historic centre (loads of churches)
- Rialto bridge
- A ride with the gondola boats
- carnevals
Secondary:
- Hotels, shops, transport and expensive restaurants
-
Social:Positive and negative impacts of tourism in Venice
POSITIVE:
- preservation of cultural and architectural heritage
- new facilities also benefit the locals
NEGATIVE:
- crowded and unpleasant for the locals
- culture is becoming diluted
- more chain resturants like macdonalds
- protests against tourism
Economic:Positive and negative impacts of tourism in Venice
POSITIVE:
- more job opportunities
- promoting local arts
- more than 1/2 billion euros in 2022 came from tourism in Venice
NEGATIVES:
- housing becoming more expensive - serious issues for locals
- locals are leaving Venice
- locals stores close down - too high rent
- inflation increases
Environment:Positive and negative impacts of tourism in Venice
POSITIVE:
- tourism money can be used to protect natural landscapes
- peoples awareness of the need to protect the environment
NEGATIVES:
- increased pollution (light,noise, water)
- habitat lost from new infrastructure
- damage to marine life due to untreated sewage
Case study: Burning man festival - a large scale festival
- Burning man festival involves art, music and culture
- Takes place once a year in August for a week
- Average of 80,000 people attend each year
- It is located in western United States in the Black Rock desert of Nevada, an isolated area
- Festival takes place on an 18 square mile on the playa
- Often flooded in winter and becomes dry and dusty in the summer
- Key aim is to have a restoration team ‘leave no trace’ because it’s in nature
- takes a month to clean up and get to pre-event conditions
- MOOP map shows how clean each area is on site
Positive impact of a festival: Burning man
Social:
- large isolated area and their is less noise pollution effecting others
Environmental:
- the festival has a ‘leave no trace’ policy
- restoration team which spends a month to clean the site
Economic:
- Local businesses benefit from sales e.g gas and water
- The festival as donated a lots of money to local charities
Negative impacts of a festival: Burning man
Social:
- Only one road to the site causing lots of traffic
- Locals in nearby towns are shocked by the behaviour of some attendees e.g nudity and use of drugs
Environmental:
- Soil erosion due to large number of attendees
- Dust storms are formed due to vehicles on the fragile desert
- localised air pollution due to all the burning
Advantages and disadvantages of the Burning man site
Advantages:
- large space to provide enough space for people and their camps
- Remote area
- Natural beauty , the landscape is unique and stunning
Disadvantages:
- Extreme weather conditions, it can be supper hot in the day and cold at night
- Dust storms are prone causing health issues for people
- Hard to get there and takes a while
- Lack of resources like food and water
Mass tourism
a large number of tourists to popular holiday destinations
Niche tourism
a special interest with a small number of tourists
Case study: Movie location tourism - Niche
- Film tourism is a niche form of tourism where visitors explore popular destinations due to appearances in films
- increase in international travel and rapid growth of the entertainment industry
- a wide range of demographics take part (18-40) engagement with media
- it can bring job opportunities and raise global awareness to less known places
- it might cause huge increase in tourism where infrastructure is weak
- Lord of the rings movies have attracted many to New Zealand
- Over 150 sites can be visited and tourism is now the biggest industry in New Zealand
Case study: Adventure tourism - Niche
- involves travel to remote areas with potential risk involved.
- increased because people want to do something different
- transport infrastructure has made places more available
- Attract high-value customers
- promotes physical activity and health
- provide memorable experiences
- supports local communities and businesses
- seasonal and weather dependency
- overuse of natural sites
- New Zealand has great diverse natural landscapes
Carrying capacity
the maximum number of visitors that a site can safely have at one time
Sustainable tourism
Tourism that has a low impact on the environment and ensure that development brings positive experience for locals and tourists
Case study: Maldives - development strategy is effective
- It’s an south asian island nation located in the Indian ocean
- It’s a popular destination for beach and luxury
- is has become the most important industry overtaking fishining 30% of GDP
- it has helped economic growth from low to middle income
- it can helped increase job opportunities
- tourism is back into pre pandemic levels after COVID 19
- many fancy chain hotels are located there attracting high income customers
- Locals benefit from the infrastrucutre e.g roads and airports
Case study: Maldives - development strategy is not effective
- government spends money on tourism infrastructure and not on the locals
- displacement on traditional industries
- the tourism is seasonal leading to workers being laid off
- A lot of the jobs are not very well paid
- Foreign businesses take over small local busineses
- Over relient on one single industry makes the country vulnerbale to shocks e.g the pandemic
- Tourism is dominated by all inclusive resorts - not spending money on local places
- most of the resorts are TNC owned causing economic leakage
- social development is harmed workers stay at the resort by away from their families
what is ecotourism
travel to areas where active steps are taken to improve the environment and social well-being of local people
- involve local people
- reduce impact on the environment
- respect the rights of local people
Case study: Costa Rica - ecotourism
- It’s located in Central America and borders panama and is middle income country
- international tourism has grown significantly starting in 1987
- Over 2 million visitors in 2008
- on average 1.7 million visitors a year
- primary resources are - 25% is national parts like the Monte verde Cloud forest and is very biodiverse
- ## beautiful beaches, waterfall and volcanos
Positive impacts on Costa Rica
Social:
- local people have direct control over tourism
- young people are attracted to the area
- Art has been rejuvenated due to tourists
- exchanging knowledge
Economic:
- tourism is now the most important industry
- many new businesses have been created by locals
- farmers are providing much of the food
Environmental:
- many activities are designed to educated tourists on the environment e.g butterfly centre
- small hotels of up to 20 rooms putting less pressure on the environment
Negative impacts on Costa Rica
Social:
- strain on infrastructure
Economic:
- price of land has increased
- some types of tourists e.g backpackers spend little money
Environmental:
- fragile areas e.g hiking off-trail and disturbing wildlife
- ziplining is causing noise pollution
Is ecotourism in Costa Rica sustainable?
For:
- Locals earn more money on tourism than on farming, 5 times more
- local people are doing afforestation
- the goverment has helped protect the environment due to the increase in ecotrouists
Against:
- even with careful managment tourist maybe harm the environment and wildlife
- zipline is not ecotourism even though people think that
Case study: Qatar - Benefits of hosting an international sporting event
Social:
- brings poeple together from all around the world and helps celebrate the culture of the country
Economic:
- increases visitors to qatar as a toruist attrachtion
- the country built long term facilities for future events
Enviornmental:
- made the landscape more vibrent due to the facilities made
Political:
- international attention might be good for improving human rights in Qatar
Case study: Qatar - problems of hosting an international sporting event
Social:
- 6,500 migrants died making the facilities - harsh conditions and poorly paid
- not everyone was treated equally
Economic:
- most expensive world cup of all time and the money could have been spent on better things
Enviornmental:
- goverment claimed that it was an sustainable event but BBC believe it was a high carbon event - bad reputation
Politics:
- huge criticism regarding human rights - damaging Qatar reputation
Case study: Paris Olympics 2024 - Benefits of hosting an international sporting event
Social:
- hosting draws attention to sports promoting healthy life style e.g providing free swimming lessons
- long term infrastructure for the future
Economic:
- Skills and training programs lead to 30,000 people trained for new skills for future careers
Environmental:
- free tickets for public transport caused less pollution and traffic
- less new building and used what they already had
Politics:
- Boosted Paris global reputation
Case study: Paris Olympics 2024 - Problems of hosting an international sporting event
Social:
- 25,000 homeless people were forced out of Paris
- only 80 homes were built for the homeless when they said 1000 were going to
- Social tension regarding head coverings for athletes
Economic :
- It cost around 10 billion to host the olympics and 1/3 of the cost came from French tax payers
Environmental:
- A local school was exposed to pollution from new main roads
- Emitted a lot of Co2
Politics:
- Controversy if Israel was allowed to participate due to the ongoing war
- IA cameras threaten privacy of athletes
Case study: National sports league - The English football league
- Started in 1992
- the premier league is often considered to be the number one league in the world
- city needs a population of 250,000 to support a Premier league football club
- large supporters to keep it profitable
- large cities can afford facilities and stadiums as well as local fan-base areas
- Quality of living and income links for teams to be successful
- tickets are expensive
- North east is a deprived area explaining why there are fewer successful clubs
- Primier Leagues are found in cities with universities due to large fan base areas
