Changing population Flashcards
Physical and human factors affecting population distribution at the global scale
Physical:
- Extream climates (dry, high humidity)
- Water supply (clean, available)
- Vegetation (soil, greenland)
Human:
- Social/political instability (conflict, war)
- Economic (education, employment)
- Agriculture (crops, livestock)
Population distribution definition
The measure of how spread out a population is in any given area
Population density definition
The amount of people divided by the area in square kilometers
Economic development
The process where low-income national economies transform into modern industrial economies
How to measure development
GDP per capita
HDI
The happiness index
Emerging economies definition
A country in the process of developing its economy to become more advanced.
Migration 2 examples
International migration - different country (voluntary and forced)
Internal migration - same country
(interregional and intraregional)
Emigration
Migration from a location
Immagration
Migration to a location
Natural increase
Growth in population resulting in more births than death per year
The demographic transitioning model
Population change over time based on natural increase and decrease.
Crude birth rate formula
Total number of births per year/ total population x 1000
Total firtility rate
Number of births per 1000 women in childbearing age
Factors effecting fertility rates (high and low)
Improvments in health care
Contraception
Education - female literacy
LEDC - family work
Younge marriage
Population momentum
Continued growth of a population even after fertility rates are down to replacment levels
Population projection
Estimate of what the population in the future will be like
What factors effect death rates
Gender
Age
Shelter
Access to food and water
Medical facilities
Case study: Gambia youthful population
- The Gambia is a small country in west Africa
- It has a rapidly growing population due to high rates of natural increase
Causes:
- Religous beliefs about contraception
- Woman dont’ have a voice on number of children
- Many children die young
- Help income (farming)
Impacts:
- Some schools have 3000 students with only 26 classes - no money to build more
- Tress are cut to make more space
Solutions:
-family planning (free contreseption)
- Better education
-More help from foreign country’s and organisations around the world
Case study: Japan elderly dependents
- Japan is a country in east Asia whith a population of more than 120 million people
Causes:
- Lots of elderly dependents because they eat healthy and do activities
-
Impacts:
- hospitals doen’t have space or medicine
- homeless, die alone, suicide
Solutions:
- small part time jobs
- policies to increase birth rates
Megacity
an area with the population of 10 million people or more
Negative consequences of megacities experiencing rapid growth
- strain on existing infrastructure
- housing shortage
- air pollution
- traffic congestion
Case study: Mumbai (megacity)
- Mumbai is located on the west coast of India.
- One of the largest cities in the world with a population of over 22 million people
- around 5% growth rate every year
- high natural increase
Pull factors from rural areas in india:
- better chance in job opportunities
- better school and hospitals
- Less natural disasters
Push factors:
- overcrowding
- traffic and pollution
-
Urban growth in HICs
- majority of the people already live in the cities
- 70% of the population live in urban areas
- slow rate of growth or decline in population
Urban growth in LICs
- mostly economically active people migrate rural to urban
- higher natural increase than HICs
- push and pull factors play a role
positive net migration
More people entering an area than leaving it
Negative migration
More people leaving an area than entering
Refugee
a person who has to be forced to move/flee their country
internally displaced person (IDP)
forced to leave their home but is staying in the country’s border
Asylum seeker
people flee their country and seek protection by an organisation
Stateless person
someone who is not a citizen of any country.
Case study: Tuvalu (forced migration)
- environmental forced migration
Country in Oceania, less than 12 thousand people live their and is one of the smallest countries in the world - high rise of sea level and coastal erosion
- Predicted to be fully submerged in 30-50 years
- Salt water is killing coconut trees - losing their main export which is dried coconut meat
Pull factors
- New Zealand is offering migration programmes to immigrants to ease their transition and provide housing and work.
Case study: Syria (Forced migration)
Located in east Asia
- political forced migration
- Civil war that began in 2011 which has lead to 10 million Syrian people to fled to neighbouring countries like Turkey and Jordan
- infrastructure in non-existing and health care, clean water and schooling are severely limited
Consequences
- children don’t attend school
- low water supply
- risk their life to leave their country (boat journey)
- puts stress on resources on host countries like Lebanon
- Sweden has taken most lots of Syrian refugees - but people blame higher crime rates on immigrants
Case study: Gambia (youthful population)
The Gambia is a small country in west Africa. It has a rapidly growing population due to high rates of natural increase.
- Religous beliefs about contraception
-They need help farming (more hands)
-Many children die young which leads to parents giving birth to many
Impact
- schools are overcrowded and little supply
- not enough money to make infrastructure
Solution
- family planning
- help from organisations (health)
Anti-natalist policy
discouraging births
Pronatalist
encouraging births
Case study: Japan (Pro natal policies)
- shorter working hours
- 8 weeks paid leave
- discounts for large families
- Low birth and death rate
- Robot babies to evoke emotional connection
- Didn’t work fertility rate only rose 0.14% from 2005 to 2013
Case study: China (Anti natal policy)
- one child policy 1979 - 2015
- It was very successful, birth rate fell rapidly
- carrot and stick approach
- free health care and education
- Higher salary
- Fines
- Job loss
- population grew to fast
Gender equality
right, responsibilities and opportunities are equal between genders
Case study: Sweden (gender equality)
- Gender discrimination in the workplace has been illegal since 1980 in Sweden.
- gender neutral leave (first)
- work balance with children are easier because they have same rights
Case study: Rwanda
- Located in central Africa
- Very high in gender equality
- 64% of rwanda’s parliament are women
- Girls and boys attend school equally
- Women have outnumbered men as primary teachers
what is human trafficking
a violation of human rights as a illegal transportation
Case study: Iran (human trafficking organs)
- in most countries selling organs is illegal
- to help, it is now legal to sell your organs directly to hospitals
- No black markets
- it encourages people to do bodily harm to themselves
Case study: Ghana (child labour)
- 70% of the world’s cocoa supply comes from two countries in west Africa; Ghana and the Ivory Coast.
- family run farms
- unable to attend school
- dangerous working places with harsh conditions
The Fairtrade organisation makes sure workers receive a decent wage.
Demographic dividend
growth in an economy that is the result of a change in the age structure of a country’s population.
Case study: China (uneven)
- China is a country in East Asia.
- 94% of the population of China lives to the east and only 6% live in the west
- mountains in the Himalayas harsh
- cold deserts
- East coast fishing
- job opportunities
Case study: South Africa
-more minerals and raw materials
- job opportunities where there are primary resources
- West Africa is too hot to live
