Leik osteoporosis

Question 1

7. Kyphosis is a late sign of:
A) Rheumatoid arthritis
B) Osteopenia
C) Osteoporosis
D) Osteoarthritis
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Answer 1

7. C) Osteoporosis

Kyphosis is a curvature of the spine that causes a rounding of
the back, which leads to a slouching posture. Severe thinning of the bones
(osteoporosis) contributes to this curvature in the spine. Symptoms that may occur
with severe cases of kyphosis include difficulty breathing, fatigue, and back pain.

Question 2

9. Which of the following antihypertensive medications has beneficial effects for an
   elderly White woman with osteoporosis?
   A) Calcium channel blockers
   B) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
   C) Beta-blockers
   D) Thiazide diuretics

Answer 2

9. D) Thiazide diuretics

Thiazide diuretics have a favorable effect in patients
with osteopenia and osteoporosis by slowing down the kidney’s excretion of calcium and increasing distal tubule calcium reabsorption.

This results in decreased
bone demineralization. Thiazide diuretics are a good choice of therapy for this population because they treat hypertension and slow bone loss.
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Question 3

90. All of the following measures have been found to help lower the risk of
osteoporosis except:
A) Drinking organic orange juice
B) Eating low-fat dairy foods
C) Performing weight-bearing exercises
D) Vitamin D supplementation

Answer 3

90. A) Drinking organic orange juice

Commercial orange juice is fortified with
calcium and vitamin D. But organic products usually do not have any additives such
as calcium. Vitamin D levels must be sufficient for the body to absorb calcium.
Eating foods high in vitamin D and calcium along with calcium and vitamin D
supplements is advised to protect the bones and prevent bone loss. Performing
weight-bearing exercises daily also increases bone strength.
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Question 4

186. Which of the following individuals is most likely to be at higher risk for osteoporosis?
     A) 70-year-old woman of African ancestry who walks daily for exercise
     B) 42-year-old obese woman from Cuba who has been taking prednisone 10 mg
     daily for the past 12 years to control her severe asthma
     C) 55-year-old Caucasian woman who is an aerobics instructor
     D) 45-year-old Asian woman who has been on high-dose steroids for 1 week
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Answer 4

186. B) 42-year-old obese woman from Cuba who has been taking prednisone 10 mg daily for the past 12 years to control her severe asthma

Risk factors for osteoporosis include postmenopause, early menopause, use of chronic steroids,
smoking, excessive use of alcohol, sedentary lifestyle, insufficient intake of calcium
and vitamin D in the diet, and being an Asian or Caucasian female.
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Question 5

355. Which of the following T-scores is indicative of osteoporosis?
     A) T-score of 0 to −1.0
     B) T-score of −1.0 to −2.0
     C) T-score of −2.5 or less
     D) Diagnosis is based on an x-ray series of the spine
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Answer 5

355. C) T-score of −2.5 or less

Osteoporosis is defined as having a T-score of −2.5 or
less. Risk factors should also be considered when interpreting T-scores for diagnosis.

Question 6

534. Thiazide diuretics have been shown to have a beneficial effect on the bones,
     making them a desirable treatment option in hypertensive women with
     osteopenia or osteoporosis. What is the mechanism of action for their effect on the
     bones?
     A) Thiazide diuretics decrease calcium excretion by the kidneys and stimulate
     osteoclast production
     B) Thiazide diuretics increase both calcium and magnesium retention by the
     kidneys
     C) Thiazide diuretics increase bone mineral density (BMD)
     D) Thiazide diuretics influence electrolyte excretion by the kidneys
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Answer 6

534. A) Thiazide diuretics decrease calcium excretion by the kidneys and stimulate osteoclast production

This positive side effect of thiazides results in a decrease in calcium bone loss and an increase in bone mineral density.
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Question 7

602. All of the following factors are associated with a higher risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis except:
     A) Excessive alcohol intake and cigarette smoking
     B) Asian or Caucasian ancestry
     C) Obesity
     D) Older age

Answer 7

602. C) Obesity

Obesity is not a risk factor for bone loss. But being female, older age, in menopause, having a small thin frame, being of Caucasian or Asian race, family
history of osteoporosis, excessive alcohol use, and long-term cigarette smoking are
risk factors.