Leik - Fast Facts Flashcards
A patient with an elevated WBC count accompanied by neutrophilia (70%) and the presence of bands (“shift to the left”) represents ___________.
Serious bacterial infection
A completely avulsed permanent tooth should be reimplanted as soon as possible. How should it be transported to the dentist?
In cold milk
Defined as the ability of a test to detect a person who has the disease
Sensitivity
Defined as the ability of a test to detect a person who is healthy (or to detect the person without the disease)
Specificity
What is the diagnostic or gold standard test for sickle cell anemia, G6PD anemia, and alpha or beta thalassemia?
Hemoglobin electrophoresis
What class of people is alpha thalassemia more common in?
Southeast Asians
What class of people is beta thalassemia more common in?
Mediterranean people
What benign heart sound might be heard in elderly patients?
S4
What 2 drug classes for hypertension are preferred in patients with diabetes or mild to moderate renal disease?
- ACE
2. ARB
What category drugs are allowed in pregnant and lactating women?
B
At what age can most children understand abstract concepts?
11
If a patient is complaining of green or yellow tinged vision, they may be experiencing an overdose from which drug?
Digoxin
What class of medications can people with chronic lung diseases not take?
Beta blockers
What population of people may require lower starting and maintenance doses of Coumadin?
Asians
If a patient is allergic to sulfa drugs, what 2 classes of diuretics cannot be prescribed?
- Thiazide
2. Loop
Can ACEs and ARBs be used during pregnancy?
No - black box warning
Category C in first trimester
Category D in second and third
Which 2 hypertensive drug classes are preferred in diabetic patients and those with CKD?
- ACEs
2. ARBs
What thiazide diuretic is longer acting and more effective?
Chlorthalidone
What medication should not be used to treat strep throat if a patient also has mono?
Amoxicillin
What medication should be used to treat strep throat if the patient also has mono?
- PCN
2. If allergic, macrolide abx
What 3 types of patients should not take fluoroquinolones?
- Children (< 18)
- Myasthenia gravis
- Pregnancy/breastfeeding
What 2 drugs can pregnant women with a UTI be treated with?
- Amoxicillin
2. Cephalosporins
If a patient complains of ________, discontinue aspirin as this is a sign of possible toxicity.
Tinnitus
What are the 3 leading causes of death in all ages/genders?
- Heart disease
- Cancer
- Chronic respiratory diseases (COPD)
What is the leading cause of cancer death?
Lung
What are the 3 leading causes of cancer deaths in men?
- Lung
- Prostate
- Colorectal
What are the 3 leading causes of cancer deaths in women?
- Lung
- Breast
- Colorectal
What are the 3 leading causes of death in adolescents?
- Accidents
- Suicide
- Homicide
What is the most common cancer?
Skin cancer
Basal cell then melanoma
What is the most common cancer in men?
Prostate
What is the most common cancer in women?
Breast
What is the most common type of cancer in children?
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
Is routine screening recommended for prostate cancer?
No
What is done if a patient has a tetanus prone wound and vaccination status is unknown?
Give Td/Tdap vaccine and tetanus immunoglobulin injection
What is recommended if someone was vaccinated with Pneumovax before age 65?
Give booster of Pneumovax 5 years later
What pneumonia vaccine is recommended for people over 65?
Give Prevnar (if never received Pneumovax). Follow with Pneumovax 12 months after
If already received Pneumovax, wait 12 month and give prevnar
What is the other name for mature squamous epithelial cells with numerous bacteria noted on the cell surface and borders?
Clue cells
What is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii?
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Dog/wood tick
What is caused by Borrelia Burgdorferi?
Lyme Disease
Deer tick
Often use religious coping - typically Christian. Christian pastors and preachers are held in high esteem. May feel their illness is caused by lack of faith or by sin. Female head of household.
Asian Americans
Strong matriarchal element - mother is important source of strength and solace in times of illness. Sustained is a culture illness. Mal ojo. Extended family is treated like immediate family. Multigenerational households are common.
Latinos/Hispanics
A folk illness that is caused when an adult stares with envy at a child. The hex can be broken if the person staring touches the child. Can also be broken by passing an egg over the child and then placing it under the bed.
Mal ojo (evil eye)
View illness as punishment by the spirits for wrongful actions. Healing is done by shamans. Smudging is burning of an herb to help cleanse a person or place. May use medicine pouches tied to a person to cure illness.
Native Americans (Indian and Alaskan)
Highly value college education and have high regard for doctors. Listening quickly without questioning is a sign of respect. Asking questions or disagreeing with treatment plan shows lack of respect. Elders are held in high esteem and their opinion is highly respected.
Asians
May stop taking prescriptions medicine when symptoms resolve or may think that only one visit is needed to “cure” the illness. May fear blood tests and surgery - blood loss worsens illness. Western medicine may put the body out of balance.
Vietnamese
Believe physical suffering is an inevitable part of life. Believe in karma and the cycle of rebirth. May practice regular meditation. Value clarity of mind and may refuse narcotics or medications that alter consciousness.
Buddhists
Believe lief energy imbalance or blockage is the cause of disease. Acupuncture and cupping correct energy imbalance. Coining.
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Spiritual purity is prime importance and manifested in removing shoes indoors, sprinkling water around a plate of food, regular bathing, and. Cleaning mouth and teeth. Food may be selected to enhance inner purity. May wear a talisman.
Hindus
Clinicians of same gender are preferred. An unmarried female needs her father’s permission to see a clinician and a married woman needs her husband’s permission. Ramadan is observed by 30 days of fasting.
Muslims
Prefer clinicians of the same gender. Males may refuse to shake a female provider’s hand. Shabbat (Sabbath) is observed and forbids work. Some believe that electricity is a form of work. Avoid accessing unnecessary health services and avoid scheduling follow ups during this time.
Jews
Often vegetarian and abstain from tobacco, alcohol, and caffeinated beverages. Believe the human body is a temple of god. Observe Sabbath as a day of rest. Avoid scheduling health services during this time.
Seventh day adventists
Do not participate in Medicare or Social Security. Individual’s community pays for health care (no health insurance). Use of folk practitioners and alternative medicine is common. If surgery or an expensive test is needed, permission from church elders is required. Avoid technology.
Amish
The preferred type of sources in research. Original research from which the data came. Sources are factual and not subjected to interpretation by others.
Primary
Type of sources created when the original data is interpreted or analyzed by another person.
Secondary
A report that outlines the important ethical principles that should be followed when performing research involving human subjects.
Belmont Report
Variable that is being manipulated
Independent
The result of the manipulated variable
Dependent variable
The ________ most important role is to protect the rights of the human subjects enrolled in a study.
Institutional Review Board
A measure of the difference between 2 different treatments in terms of their ability to reduce a particular outcome
Absolute Risk Reduction
Ex: MI and stroke
A measure of how much risk is reduced in the experimental group compared with the control group
Relative Risk Reduction
The number of patients you have to treat to avoid one bad outcome
Number needed to treat
Probability that a person with a positive screening test result has the disease
Positive Predictive Value
Probability that a person with a negative test result does not have the disease
Negative predictive value
Immunity to a disease developed through vaccination or by infection
Active immunity
Immunity to a disease after receiving antibodies from another host
Passive immunity
Ex: colostrum gives neonates antibodies from mother
Resistance to disease in a large number of people in the population
Herd immunity
Transmission of an infecting agent from one individual to another.
Horizontal
Ex: HIV and STDs occur through sex
Transmission of an infection agent from mother to infant.
Vertical transmission
Ex: congenital infections
A baseline level of a particular disease in a population
Endemic
The rapid increase of a disease in a population that involves a large number of people
Epidemic
An epidemic that occurs over a very large area. It involves a large proportion of the global population
Pandemic
An illness or any departure from physical and/or mental health
Morbidity
Death
Mortality
The ability of a screening test to correctly identify a person with the disease
Sensitivity
The ability of a screening test to correctly identify a person without the disease
Specificity
