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A&P Exam 5 > Leg - Distal > Flashcards

Leg - Distal Flashcards

1
Q

The “leg” is technically between ____

A

between the knee and ankle

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2
Q

Important movements at joints of the knee:

A

○ Flexion – Bending the joint (leg flexes posteriorly)
○ Extension – Straightening the joint (leg extends anteriorly)
○ External (lateral) rotation – Outward rotation of the tibia
○ Internal (medial) rotation – Inward rotation of the tibia

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3
Q

Important movements at joints of the ankle:

A

○ Plantar flexion – flexing the foot or toes
downward
○ Dorsiflexion – lifting the foot or toes
upward, “extension of the foot”
○ Inversion – lifting the medial edge of the foot,
“supination”
○ Eversion – lifting the lateral edge of the foot,
“pronation”

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4
Q

The tibia articulates with the femur at the _____

A

tibial plateau

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5
Q

The tibia articulates with the fibula proximally at the ______ and distally at the ______

A

tibiofibular joint; tibiofibular
syndesmosis

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6
Q

The anterolateral tubercle (Gerdy’s tubercle) serves as an attachment site for the _____

A

IT band

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7
Q

The tibia shaft, has a sharp line anteriorly called the _____; posteriorly the soleal line is the attachment site for the _____

A

anterior border; soleus

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8
Q

Distally, the lateral malleolus forms the lateral wall of the _____

A

ankle mortise

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9
Q

The ____ connects the shaft of the tibia and fibula

A

interosseous membrane

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10
Q

High ankle Sprain

A

Syndesmosis injury that results in disruption of the ankle joint. May not be obvious on X-ray

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11
Q

The tarsal bones consist of these 7 short
bones of the foot:

A

talus, navicular, cuboid, medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform

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12
Q

The ____ is the most superior tarsal bone

A

talus

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13
Q

The _____ is a medial process of the calcaneus that forms part of the medial arch of the foot

A

sustentaculum tali

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14
Q

The Navicular is anterior to the talus and
forms the ____

A

medial arch

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15
Q

Jones fracture – a fracture of the base
fifth metatarsal bone occurs where

A

tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal

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16
Q

Which phalanges only has a proximal and distal phalanx?

A

1st digit

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17
Q

What type of joint is the knee

A

Modified hinge; synovial

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18
Q

The patella is Embedded in the the quadriceps tendon _____ and the patellar ligament _____ where it inserts on the tibial tuberosity

A

superiorly; inferiorly

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19
Q

The lateral collateral ligament is
cordlike and _____ to the joint capsule

A

unattached

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20
Q

The medial collateral ligament is flat and is ____ to the joint capsule

A

attached

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21
Q

The anterior cruciate ligament arises from the _____ of the tibia to the _____

A

anterior intercondylar part; medial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle

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22
Q

The posterior cruciate ligament arises from the _____ of the tibia to the ______

A

posterior intercondylar part; lateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle

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23
Q

_____ Prevents the tibia from shifting
backwards

A

PCL

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24
Q

_____ Prevents the tibia from shifting forwards

A

ACL

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25
Q

The anterior and posterior ligament of
the fibular head helps secure the
_____

A

tibiofibular joint

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26
Q

The ______ connects the menisci to each other anteriorly

A

transverse ligament of the knee

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27
Q

The ____ joins the lateral meniscus to the posterior cruciate ligament and to the medial femoral condyle

A

posterior meniscofemoral
ligament

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28
Q

The _____ is a C-shaped cup and relatively
imobile due to attachments to tibia and collateral ligament

A

medial meniscus

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29
Q

The ____ is nearly circular and more mobile (during flexion and extension) than the
medial meniscus

A

lateral meniscus

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30
Q

The ____ is an extension of the semimembranosus tendon and supports the joint posteriorly and laterally

A

oblique popliteal ligament

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31
Q

The _____ extends from the fibular head to the posterior knee and reinforces the joint posteriorly and laterally

A

arcuate popliteal ligament

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32
Q

What type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint

A

Fibrous; limited movement

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33
Q

What Creates the ankle mortise?

A

Movement of the distal tibiofibular joint, aka tibiofibular syndesmosis, is limited as it’s
fibrous joint

34
Q

The ankle joint, ______, is stabilized by many strong ligaments and transfers the weight
of the body through the tibia

A

talocrural joint

35
Q

The metatarsophalangeal joints are condyloid ____

A

synovial joints

36
Q

The _____ ligament extends from the medial malleolus to the talus, navicular and calcaneus

A

deltoid ligament

37
Q

The _____ligament helps maintain the strength of distal tibiofibular joint

A

anterior tibiofibular

38
Q

The _____ ligament is the most commonly sprained ligament of the foot

A

anterior talofibular

39
Q

The ____ ligament helps maintain the strength of distal tibiofibular joint

A

posterior tibiofibular

40
Q

The _____ ligament extends from the lateral malleolus to the talus

A

posterior talofibular

41
Q

The ____ ligament extends from the lateral malleolus to the lateral calcaneus

A

calcaneofibular

42
Q

The ____ is tough aponeurotic sheet, thickest at the cent, that blends with the dorsal fascia at the borders of the foot

A

plantar aponeurosis

43
Q

Five genicular branches come off of the
popliteal artery

A

○ Medial/lateral superior genicular arteries
○ Medial/lateral inferior genicular arteries
○ Middle genicular artery

44
Q

Arteries in the genicular anastomosis

A

descending genicular
descending branch of the lateral circumflex
recurrent anterior/posterior tibial arteries

45
Q

The anterior tibial artery passes through an opening of in the interosseous membrane to supply the _____

A

anterior compartment

46
Q

Deep plantar arch forms an anastomosis with the ____ (the dorsum of the foot)

A

deep plantar artery

47
Q

Dorsal venous network drains the dorsum of the foot and drain into the _____

A

great saphenous vein

48
Q

Small saphenous vein – drains ____ aspect of the leg and drains in the the popliteal vein

A

posterior lateral

49
Q

Most common vessels for DVT to occur

A

popliteal, femoral, and iliac veins are most common

50
Q

Virchow’s triad

A

○ Vessel injury
○ Vascular stasis
○ Hypercoagulable state

51
Q

The tibial nerve terminates as the ____ and _____ nerves and have muscular and cutaneous innervation

A

medial plantar; lateral plantar

52
Q

The ____ nerve is formed by superficial
communicating branches of the tibia and common fibular nerves

A

sural

53
Q

Compartments and their nerves

A
  1. Anterior compartment: Deep fibular nerve
  2. Lateral compartment: Superficial fibular nerve
  3. Superficial posterior compartment: Tibial nerve
  4. Deep posterior compartment: Tibial nerve
54
Q

Tibialis Anterior

A

O: tibia and interosseous membrane
I: medial cuneiform
I: Deep fibular nerve
A: Dorsiflexion and inversion the foot

55
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A

O: fibula and interosseous
membrane
I: 2nd-5th toes
I: Deep fibular nerve
A: Dorsiflexion and eversion the foot,
extension of toes 2-5 at the MTP and IP
joints

56
Q

extensor hallucis longus

A

O: fibula and interosseous
membrane
I: first toe
I: Deep fibular nerve
A: Dorsiflexion and eversion/inversion at the subtalar joint, and extension of the 1st toe at the MTP and IP

57
Q

fibularis tertius

A

O: distal fibula
I: 5th metatarsal
I: Deep fibular nerve
A: Dorsiflexion and eversion

58
Q

fibularis longus

A

O: fibula
I: medial cuneiform
I: superficial fibular nerve
A: Plantar flexion and eversion and
supports transverse arch

59
Q

fibularis brevis

A

O: fibula
I: 5th metatarsal
I: superficial fibular nerve
A: Plantar flexion and eversion

60
Q

gastrocnemius

A

O: femur
I: calcaneal tuberosity via the “achilles tendon”
I: tibial nerve
A: Plantar flexion and knee flexion

61
Q

soleus

A

O: fibula and soleal line of the tibia
I: calcaneal tuberosity via the “achilles
tendon”
I: tibial nerve
A: Plantar flexion and knee flexion

62
Q

plantaris

A

O: femur (lateral epicondyle)
I: calcaneal tuberosity
I: tibial nerve
A: Negligible; may act on plantar flexion

63
Q

tibialis posterior

A

O: interosseous membrane
I: navicular tuberosity,
cuneiforms and metatarsals 2-4
I: tibial nerve
A: Plantar flexion, inversion, and
supports the transverse arch

64
Q

popliteus

A

O: lateral femoral condyle
I: posterior tibial surface
I: tibial nerve
A: “Unlock” the knee and knee flexion (minimal)

65
Q

flexor digitorum longus

A

O: tibia
I: distal phalanges 2-5
I: tibial nerve
A: Plantar flexion, inversion, and flexion of toes 2-5 at the MTP and IP joints

66
Q

flexor hallucis longus

A

O: fibula and interosseous membrane
I: first distal phalanx
I: tibial nerve
A: Flexion of 1st toe the MTP and IP joints, plantar flexion, inversion, and supports the medial longitudinal arch

67
Q

muscles of the foot that originate
on the leg

A

Extrinsic muscles

68
Q

muscles of the foot that originate
and insert on the bones of the foot and ankle

A

Intrinsic muscles

69
Q

The foot has its own midline – between the ____ toes

A

2nd and 3rd

70
Q

Intrinsic Muscle Layers

A

● Dorsum of the foot
● Superficial sole of the foot
● Deep sole of the foot

71
Q

extensor digitorum brevis

A

O: calcaneus
I: middle phalanx of toes 2-4
I: deep fibular nerve
A: Extension of toes 2-4 at the MTP and
PIP joints

72
Q

extensor hallucis brevis

A

O: calcaneus
I: proximal phalanx of the 1st toe
I: deep fibular nerve
A: Extension of the MTP and PIP joints of
the 1st toe

73
Q

abductor hallucis

A

O: calcaneal tuberosity and flexor retinaculum
I: proximal phalanx of the 1st toe
I: medial plantar nerve
A: Flexion and abduction of the 1st toe

74
Q

flexor digitorum brevis

A

O: calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis
I: middle phalanx of toes 2-5
I: medial plantar nerve
A: Flexion the MTP and PIP of toes 2-5

75
Q

abductor digiti minimi

A

O: calcaneal tuberosity and flexor retinaculum
I: proximal phalanx of the 5th toe
I: lateral plantar nerve
A: Flexion the MTP and PIP of the 5th
toe

76
Q

quadratus plantae

A

O: calcaneal tuberosity
I: flexor digitorum longus tendon
I: lateral plantar nerve
A: Redirects and augments the pull of the FDL

77
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis

A

O: Cuboid and lateral cuneiform
I: proximal phalanx of the first toe
I: medial and lateral plantar nerves
A: Flexion the MTP of the 1st toe

78
Q

flexor digiti minimi brevis

A

O: base of the 5th metatarsal
I: proximal phalanx of the 5th toe
I: lateral plantar nerve
A: Flexion the MTP of the 5th toe

79
Q

adductor hallucis

A

O: Oblique head originates from the proximal phalanx of digits 2-4; the transverse head from the MTP of 3rd to 5th toes to
I: proximal phalanx of the 1st toe
I: lateral plantar nerve
A: Flex and adduct the great toe at the
MTP joint

80
Q

Lumbricals

A

Flexes and adducts toes 2-5

81
Q

Plantar and dorsal interossei

A

Abduct and adduct toes 3-5

A&P Exam 5 (6 decks)

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