leg, ankle, foot prac 2 Flashcards
DISTAL INTERTARSAL JOINTS:
Refers to the multiple gliding joints between the navicular, cuboid and cuneiforms.
TARSOMETATARSAL JOINTS (TMT) = gliding.
Motion is least at the 2nd then 1st which assists in providing a stable medial side of foot for push-off.
METATARSOPHALANGAL JOINTS (MTP).
Plantar plates, analogous to volar plates in the hand, are present but especially important due to weight-bearing.
DF
Muscles whose tendons run posterior to the transverse (mediolateral) axis of the ankle joint are plantar flexors, while those that pass anterior to this axis are dorsiflexors.
Abductors and pronators
The muscles whose tendons lie medial to the longitudinal axis of the foot generally invert, adduct or supinate the foot, while those lying lateral to this axis evert, abduct or pronate the foot.
muscle movement
The location of a muscle and its line of action, combined with the triplanar motion of the foot, results in a muscles’ contraction contributing to more than 1 movement.
DORSIFLEXORS:
TA, EDL, EHL, FT
PLANTARFLEXORS
Gastrocnemius & soleus, FHL, tibialis posterior, FDL, FL, FB
INVERSION:
TP, TA (less at rearfoot, more effective in midfoot), gastrocnemius & soleus, FDL, FHL, EHL
EVERSION
FL, FB, FT, EDL
Muscle/s involved with the following movements of the MTP & IP Joints:
FLEXION: FDL, FHL
EXTENSION: EDL, EHL
Plantar aspect
Layer 1:
- abductor hallucis
- abductor digiti minimi
- flexor digitorum brevis
Plantar aspect
Layer 2:
- quadratus plantae
* lumbricales
Plantar aspect
Layer 3:
- flexor hallucis brevis - Note the sesamoid bone in the tendon of each head
- adductor hallucis
- flexor digiti minimi brevis
Plantar aspect
Layer 4:
• interossei
Dorsal aspect
- extensor digitorum brevis
* extensor hallucis brevis
intrinsic foot muscles
provide proprioceptive information, adjust the direction of extrinsic muscles, and provide active stabilisation of the arches of the foot. Note the alignment of the muscles with the medial and lateral longitudinal arches of the foot.
DYNAMIC FOOT CONTROL:
During gait the foot moves between the supinated & pronated positions and the arches of the foot must be controlled. Dynamic foot control relies on the interaction between multiple active and passive structures.
DYNAMIC FOOT CONTROL:
passive support
o Plantar fascia
o Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament)
o Plantar calcaneocuboid (short plantar) ligament
o Long plantar ligament
DYNAMIC FOOT CONTROL:
active support
is obtained from the extrinsic and plantar intrinsic foot muscles. If the support obtained from the passive structures is insufficient, excessive activity may be required from the muscles which may result in injury. Alternatively, if weakness or fatigue occurs in the muscles, increased load will be placed on the passive system.
muscles and their role in supporting the medial longitudinal arch and the 1st ray:
- Tibialis anterior
- Tibialis posterior
- Fibularis longus
