leg, ankle, foot prac 2

Question 1

DISTAL INTERTARSAL JOINTS:

Answer 1

Refers to the multiple gliding joints between the navicular, cuboid and cuneiforms.

Question 2

TARSOMETATARSAL JOINTS (TMT) = gliding.

Answer 2

Motion is least at the 2nd then 1st which assists in providing a stable medial side of foot for push-off.

Question 3

METATARSOPHALANGAL JOINTS (MTP).

Answer 3

Plantar plates, analogous to volar plates in the hand, are present but especially important due to weight-bearing.

Question 4

DF

Answer 4

Muscles whose tendons run posterior to the transverse (mediolateral) axis of the ankle joint are plantar flexors, while those that pass anterior to this axis are dorsiflexors.

Question 5

Abductors and pronators

Answer 5

The muscles whose tendons lie medial to the longitudinal axis of the foot generally invert, adduct or supinate the foot, while those lying lateral to this axis evert, abduct or pronate the foot.

Question 6

muscle movement

Answer 6

The location of a muscle and its line of action, combined with the triplanar motion of the foot, results in a muscles’ contraction contributing to more than 1 movement.

Question 7

DORSIFLEXORS:

Answer 7

TA, EDL, EHL, FT

Question 8

PLANTARFLEXORS

Answer 8

Gastrocnemius & soleus, FHL, tibialis posterior, FDL, FL, FB

Question 9

INVERSION:

Answer 9

TP, TA (less at rearfoot, more effective in midfoot), gastrocnemius & soleus, FDL, FHL, EHL

Question 10

EVERSION

Answer 10

FL, FB, FT, EDL

Question 11

Muscle/s involved with the following movements of the MTP & IP Joints:

Answer 11

FLEXION: FDL, FHL
EXTENSION: EDL, EHL

Question 12

Plantar aspect

Layer 1:

Answer 12

• abductor hallucis
• abductor digiti minimi
• flexor digitorum brevis

Question 13

Plantar aspect

Layer 2:

Answer 13

• quadratus plantae

* lumbricales

Question 14

Plantar aspect

Layer 3:

Answer 14

• flexor hallucis brevis - Note the sesamoid bone in the tendon of each head
• adductor hallucis
• flexor digiti minimi brevis

Question 15

Plantar aspect

Layer 4:

Answer 15

• interossei

Question 16

Dorsal aspect

Answer 16

• extensor digitorum brevis

* extensor hallucis brevis

Question 17

intrinsic foot muscles

Answer 17

provide proprioceptive information, adjust the direction of extrinsic muscles, and provide active stabilisation of the arches of the foot. Note the alignment of the muscles with the medial and lateral longitudinal arches of the foot.

Question 18

DYNAMIC FOOT CONTROL:

Answer 18

During gait the foot moves between the supinated & pronated positions and the arches of the foot must be controlled. Dynamic foot control relies on the interaction between multiple active and passive structures.

Question 19

DYNAMIC FOOT CONTROL:

passive support

Answer 19

o Plantar fascia
o Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament)
o Plantar calcaneocuboid (short plantar) ligament
o Long plantar ligament

Question 20

DYNAMIC FOOT CONTROL:

active support

Answer 20

is obtained from the extrinsic and plantar intrinsic foot muscles. If the support obtained from the passive structures is insufficient, excessive activity may be required from the muscles which may result in injury. Alternatively, if weakness or fatigue occurs in the muscles, increased load will be placed on the passive system.

Question 21

muscles and their role in supporting the medial longitudinal arch and the 1st ray:

Answer 21

• Tibialis anterior
• Tibialis posterior
• Fibularis longus