Lecuture 1

Question 1

What is a benign tumour and list 2 types?

Answer 1

• Encapsulated tumour so has limited ability to spread

Question 2

What are the four cancer types?

Answer 2

1) Carcinomas
2) Sarcomas
3) Non-solid tumuor
4) Brain and CNS tumours

Question 3

What is a carcinoma? How prevalent is it?

Answer 3

Cancer of the epithelial cells - 85% of all cancers`

Question 4

What are the four types of epithelal cells?

Answer 4

1) Squamous cells: Mouth and oesophagus
2) Adenomatous cells: Lining of glands in the body - stomach, ovaries, kidneys and prostate
3) Transitional cell: Layers of stretchy cell - only found in the lining of the bladders and parts of the urinary system
4) Basal cells: Found in skin

Question 5

What are non solid tumour cancer types and how prevalent are they>

Answer 5

1) Leukamias - Make up 3% - bone marrow makes do many WBC’s that do not work and build up in the body
2) Lymphomas and myelomas - cancers of lymphatic system
Lymphomas - 5% of all cancers
Mylomas - cancer of plasma cells - 1%

Question 6

What is a sarcoma and how prevalent are they?

Answer 6

1% of all cancer - cancer in support - cancer of supportive tissue such as muscle, bone, cartilage and fatty tissues

Question 7

What is brain and CNS tumours?

Answer 7

3% of all cancers - types of tumour of brain and CNS from type of cell they develop

Question 8

What is the difference between stages 0, 1-2-3 and 4

Answer 8

0 - Abnormal cells present but have not spread
1-2-3 - Cancer is present - high number indicates more it has spread to nearby tissue
4 - Cancer spread to distant body parts

Question 9

How does lymphoedema occur with cancer?

Answer 9

• Removal of lymph nodes results in blockage.

Question 10

How are non-solid tumour staged?

Answer 10

Type of blood cell (T cell or B cell)
Three types of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
1) Precusor B cell most common in adults
2) Mature B cell - identified by particualr genetic changes
3) Precursor T cell - Likely to affect young adults and is more common in men

Question 11

How does a tumour grow?

Answer 11

1) Tumour produces it’s own blood supply (angiogenesis)
2) Tumour outgrows blood supply - results in hypoxic parts of tumour
3) Dysfunctional blood vessels develop, that are leaky.
4) Cells break away from primary cancer and spread to other organs through the lymphatic system or blood
5) New cancer forms in other body part (metastatic cancer)