Lecutres 6-11

Question 1

Paul Erhlich

Answer 1

mice immunized with low doses of toxins become immune to high doses. Mothers can pass on immunity, but fathers do not. Transferring serum results in short lived immunity

Question 2

Arne Tiselius & Elvin Kabat

Answer 2

showed that induced antibodies are positively charged gamma-globulins (electrophoresis of serum)

Question 3

Michael Heidelberger & Oswald Avery

Answer 3

proved that antibodies were protein and so had to come from genes

Question 4

Linus Pauling

Answer 4

showed that 2 antibodies of different specificity had roughly the same amino acid composition (started induced fit vs clonal selection war)

Question 5

Gustav Nossal & Joshua Lederberg

Answer 5

showed that a B cell clone always produces antibodies of the same specificity (proved clonal selection)

Question 6

Rodney Porter

Answer 6

determined the structure of antibodies based on their cleavage patterns by different proteolytic enzymes

Question 7

Susumu Tonegawa

Answer 7

showed that B cells rearrange their DNA to generate new receptors

Question 8

James Murphy

Answer 8

observed that small lymphocytes were likely responsible for resistance to tuberculosis, cancer, and tissue transplant rejection

Question 9

George Snell & Peter Gorer

Answer 9

genetically mapped H-antigens and showed these were responsible for tissue rejection

Question 10

Lloyd Old & Edward Boyse

Answer 10

developed antibodies to L3T4 (CD4) & Lyt-2 antigen (CD8alpha) to permit isolation of T cells for use

Question 11

Kendall Smith

Answer 11

identified and cloned T cell growth factor gene (interleukin 2) to permit growth of large numbers of T cells in laboratory for use

Question 12

Mark Davis, Steve Hedrick & Tak Mak

Answer 12

used subtractive hybridization to clone mouse and human TCR genes

Question 13

Rolf Zinkernagel & Peter Doherty

Answer 13

showed that T cells recognize both self and foreign antigens

Question 14

Pamela Bjorkman

Answer 14

crystallized a MHC:peptide complex and used x-ray diffraction to show that the foreign peptide is bound in the groove between the alpha helices

Question 15

Chris Garcia & David Garboczi

Answer 15

independently crystalized a TCR:MHC:peptide complex and used x-ray diffraction to obtain the structure

Question 16

Philippa Marrack & John Kappler

Answer 16

showed fragmentation of peptides resulted in T cell recognition

Question 17

Mike Bevan

Answer 17

showed that T cells can recognize peptides derived from other cells presented on MHC proteins

Question 18

Pete Creswell

Answer 18

identified proteins, including GILT and Invariant chain, that were important for MHC II loading