Lectures 18-25 Flashcards
he was fed small doses of poison by his advisor to build immunity against assassination by poison
Chandragupta Maurya
lived in wilderness for 7 years where he regularly ingested sub-lethal doses of poisons to develop immunity to toxins. Invented Mithridatism, the act of ingesting sub-lethal doses of venom or poisons as a means of immunization
Mithridates VI:
immunized mice by injecting with sub-lethal doses of protein toxins, and showed that immunity was toxin specific. Also showed that immunity could be transferred from mothers to offspring during nursing
Paul Ehrlich:
First use of artificial passive immunization was transfer of serum from horses immunized with low doses of tetanus toxin to patients with disseminated tetanus infection
Von Behring, Kitasato & Wassermann
mandated variolation for smallpox in China
Emperor Kangxi
brought variolation to Europe
Lady Mary Montague
Brought variolation to North America
Cotton Mather
generally given credit for the administration of the first formal vaccine (vaccinia virus)
Edward Jenner
extracts from tobacco mosaic disease plants could be passed through Chamberland Filters (with pores too small for bacteria) and still cause mosaic disease in healthy plants
Dimitri Ivanosky:
isolated variants of tobacco mosaic disease agent, so the filterable agents must have genetic variation, and thus genetic material, like other life forms. Led to a vaccine for tobacco mosaic disease
HH McKinney
immunization of rabbits with tobacco mosaic disease extracts resulted in antibodies that only reacted with diseased plants (not healthy plants), so the filterable agent must have proteins
Helen Purdy Beale
showed that a goat could make antibodies to RBC from other goats (outbred), but would not generate antibodies to self RBC
Paul Ehrlich
showed that mice expressing a BCR specific for a self-antigen (Hen Egg Lysozyme) develop and mature, but become unresponsive (anergic) and unable to respond to the same antigen when it is injected
Chris Goodnow
reportedly died from bee sting (anaphylactic shock)
King Menes
suffered from severe allergy to horses and could not lead patricians on horseback—Nero did and became emperor (killed Britannicus)
Britannicus
suffered from strawberry allergies—intentionally consumed strawberries before dinner with adversary (Lord William Hastings), when symptoms developed accused Hastings of witchcraft and had him executed
King Richard III:
described the seasonality of hay fever (fever at the time meant illness)
John Bostok
outbred dogs immunized with jellyfish hypnotoxin, sometimes had fatal reactions to subsequent injections of the same protein (independent of dose)
Clemens Von Pirquet & Nicolas Arthus
Charles Richet & Paul Portier
some patients treated with Diphtheria anti-toxin (immunized horse serum) had anaphylactic symptoms when treated with horse serum. Nicolas Arthus: subcutaneous injection of hors serum into rabbits (Arthus reaction: prolonged swelling for 10-12 hours after injection)
Clemens Von Pirquet & Nicolas Arthus
sublingual treatment with hay fever extract could reduce disease in patients
H. Holbrook Curtis:
gradually increasing the dose of antigen during repeated subcutaneous injection could desensitize patients
Leonard Noon & John Freeman
developed corticosteroids for inhibiting leukocyte function
Philip Hench and Edward Kendall
proposed that the immune system can recognize and eliminate developing tumors
Paul Erhlich
“the main function of cellular immunity is not to promote allograft rejection (of transplanted organs), but to protect from neoplastic disease”
Lewis Thomas
small accumulations of developing tumor cells possess antigenic properties that allow them to be recognized and eliminated by cellular immunity with no hint of disease
MacFarland Burnet
3-methylcholanthrene treatment of nude (athymic) and normal mice showed no difference in cancer incidence or progression
Osias Stutman
RAG2-deficient, IFNyR-deficient, or STAT1-deficient mice had increased incidence and progression of 3-methylcholanthrene induced tumors
Robert Schreiber
proposed danger hypothesis to account for activation of tumor specific immunity
Polly Matzinger
Hindu god of wisdom and science with a transplanted head of an elephant
Ganesh
solitary tunicates reject tissues from unrelated donor tunicates. Secondary grafts from same donor are rejected faster, but grafts from other donors rejected at same rate
David Raftos
colonial tunicates grow outward from founder—interaction with other colonies of same genotype results in fusion of colonies sharing same vasculature (but interaction with other species does not)
Irv Weissman
purported Ayurvedic Indian physician who performed surgical transplant of skin (rhinoplasty, reconstruction of damaged ears, etc.)
Sushruta
Italian physician who reconstructed noses and earlobes using autologous skin grafts—skin from unrelated donors usually resulted in rejection
Gasparo Tagliacozzi
transplanted cornea to restore vision to blinded patient
Eduard Zirm
Ronald donated a kidney that was transplanted into his identical twin brother Richard—first successful human organ transplant
Ronald & Richard Herrick
tolerance of organs transplanted between dizygotic (non-identical) cattle showed tolerance could be acquired
Peter Medawar
also showed tolerance between transplanted chicken embryos
Milan Hasek
independently isolated and identified oncogenic retrovirus recovered from AIDS patients—named Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (LAV)
Luc Montagnier & Francoise Barre-Sinoussi
independently characterized Human T lymphotrophic virus (HTLV-1) and AIDS associated retrovirus (ARS) as the causative agents of AIDS
Robert Gallo & Jay Levy
diagnosed with HIV, then leukemia. Received BM transplant from CCR5-negative donor and it cured both his HIV and leukemia. First “known” intentional cured patient for HIV
Timothy Brown
