Lectures 18-25 Flashcards

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1
Q

he was fed small doses of poison by his advisor to build immunity against assassination by poison

A

Chandragupta Maurya

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2
Q

lived in wilderness for 7 years where he regularly ingested sub-lethal doses of poisons to develop immunity to toxins. Invented Mithridatism, the act of ingesting sub-lethal doses of venom or poisons as a means of immunization

A

Mithridates VI:

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3
Q

immunized mice by injecting with sub-lethal doses of protein toxins, and showed that immunity was toxin specific. Also showed that immunity could be transferred from mothers to offspring during nursing

A

Paul Ehrlich:

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4
Q

First use of artificial passive immunization was transfer of serum from horses immunized with low doses of tetanus toxin to patients with disseminated tetanus infection

A

Von Behring, Kitasato & Wassermann

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5
Q

mandated variolation for smallpox in China

A

Emperor Kangxi

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6
Q

brought variolation to Europe

A

Lady Mary Montague

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7
Q

Brought variolation to North America

A

Cotton Mather

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8
Q

generally given credit for the administration of the first formal vaccine (vaccinia virus)

A

Edward Jenner

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9
Q

extracts from tobacco mosaic disease plants could be passed through Chamberland Filters (with pores too small for bacteria) and still cause mosaic disease in healthy plants

A

Dimitri Ivanosky:

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10
Q

isolated variants of tobacco mosaic disease agent, so the filterable agents must have genetic variation, and thus genetic material, like other life forms. Led to a vaccine for tobacco mosaic disease

A

HH McKinney

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11
Q

immunization of rabbits with tobacco mosaic disease extracts resulted in antibodies that only reacted with diseased plants (not healthy plants), so the filterable agent must have proteins

A

Helen Purdy Beale

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12
Q

showed that a goat could make antibodies to RBC from other goats (outbred), but would not generate antibodies to self RBC

A

Paul Ehrlich

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13
Q

showed that mice expressing a BCR specific for a self-antigen (Hen Egg Lysozyme) develop and mature, but become unresponsive (anergic) and unable to respond to the same antigen when it is injected

A

Chris Goodnow

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14
Q

reportedly died from bee sting (anaphylactic shock)

A

King Menes

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15
Q

suffered from severe allergy to horses and could not lead patricians on horseback—Nero did and became emperor (killed Britannicus)

A

Britannicus

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16
Q

suffered from strawberry allergies—intentionally consumed strawberries before dinner with adversary (Lord William Hastings), when symptoms developed accused Hastings of witchcraft and had him executed

A

King Richard III:

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17
Q

described the seasonality of hay fever (fever at the time meant illness)

A

John Bostok

18
Q

outbred dogs immunized with jellyfish hypnotoxin, sometimes had fatal reactions to subsequent injections of the same protein (independent of dose)
Clemens Von Pirquet & Nicolas Arthus

A

Charles Richet & Paul Portier

19
Q

some patients treated with Diphtheria anti-toxin (immunized horse serum) had anaphylactic symptoms when treated with horse serum. Nicolas Arthus: subcutaneous injection of hors serum into rabbits (Arthus reaction: prolonged swelling for 10-12 hours after injection)

A

Clemens Von Pirquet & Nicolas Arthus

20
Q

sublingual treatment with hay fever extract could reduce disease in patients

A

H. Holbrook Curtis:

21
Q

gradually increasing the dose of antigen during repeated subcutaneous injection could desensitize patients

A

Leonard Noon & John Freeman

22
Q

developed corticosteroids for inhibiting leukocyte function

A

Philip Hench and Edward Kendall

23
Q

proposed that the immune system can recognize and eliminate developing tumors

A

Paul Erhlich

24
Q

“the main function of cellular immunity is not to promote allograft rejection (of transplanted organs), but to protect from neoplastic disease”

A

Lewis Thomas

25
Q

small accumulations of developing tumor cells possess antigenic properties that allow them to be recognized and eliminated by cellular immunity with no hint of disease

A

MacFarland Burnet

26
Q

3-methylcholanthrene treatment of nude (athymic) and normal mice showed no difference in cancer incidence or progression

A

Osias Stutman

27
Q

RAG2-deficient, IFNyR-deficient, or STAT1-deficient mice had increased incidence and progression of 3-methylcholanthrene induced tumors

A

Robert Schreiber

28
Q

proposed danger hypothesis to account for activation of tumor specific immunity

A

Polly Matzinger

29
Q

Hindu god of wisdom and science with a transplanted head of an elephant

A

Ganesh

30
Q

solitary tunicates reject tissues from unrelated donor tunicates. Secondary grafts from same donor are rejected faster, but grafts from other donors rejected at same rate

A

David Raftos

31
Q

colonial tunicates grow outward from founder—interaction with other colonies of same genotype results in fusion of colonies sharing same vasculature (but interaction with other species does not)

A

Irv Weissman

32
Q

purported Ayurvedic Indian physician who performed surgical transplant of skin (rhinoplasty, reconstruction of damaged ears, etc.)

A

Sushruta

33
Q

Italian physician who reconstructed noses and earlobes using autologous skin grafts—skin from unrelated donors usually resulted in rejection

A

Gasparo Tagliacozzi

34
Q

transplanted cornea to restore vision to blinded patient

A

Eduard Zirm

35
Q

Ronald donated a kidney that was transplanted into his identical twin brother Richard—first successful human organ transplant

A

Ronald & Richard Herrick

36
Q

tolerance of organs transplanted between dizygotic (non-identical) cattle showed tolerance could be acquired

A

Peter Medawar

37
Q

also showed tolerance between transplanted chicken embryos

A

Milan Hasek

38
Q

independently isolated and identified oncogenic retrovirus recovered from AIDS patients—named Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (LAV)

A

Luc Montagnier & Francoise Barre-Sinoussi

39
Q

independently characterized Human T lymphotrophic virus (HTLV-1) and AIDS associated retrovirus (ARS) as the causative agents of AIDS

A

Robert Gallo & Jay Levy

40
Q

diagnosed with HIV, then leukemia. Received BM transplant from CCR5-negative donor and it cured both his HIV and leukemia. First “known” intentional cured patient for HIV

A

Timothy Brown