Lectures 18-25 Flashcards
he was fed small doses of poison by his advisor to build immunity against assassination by poison
Chandragupta Maurya
lived in wilderness for 7 years where he regularly ingested sub-lethal doses of poisons to develop immunity to toxins. Invented Mithridatism, the act of ingesting sub-lethal doses of venom or poisons as a means of immunization
Mithridates VI:
immunized mice by injecting with sub-lethal doses of protein toxins, and showed that immunity was toxin specific. Also showed that immunity could be transferred from mothers to offspring during nursing
Paul Ehrlich:
First use of artificial passive immunization was transfer of serum from horses immunized with low doses of tetanus toxin to patients with disseminated tetanus infection
Von Behring, Kitasato & Wassermann
mandated variolation for smallpox in China
Emperor Kangxi
brought variolation to Europe
Lady Mary Montague
Brought variolation to North America
Cotton Mather
generally given credit for the administration of the first formal vaccine (vaccinia virus)
Edward Jenner
extracts from tobacco mosaic disease plants could be passed through Chamberland Filters (with pores too small for bacteria) and still cause mosaic disease in healthy plants
Dimitri Ivanosky:
isolated variants of tobacco mosaic disease agent, so the filterable agents must have genetic variation, and thus genetic material, like other life forms. Led to a vaccine for tobacco mosaic disease
HH McKinney
immunization of rabbits with tobacco mosaic disease extracts resulted in antibodies that only reacted with diseased plants (not healthy plants), so the filterable agent must have proteins
Helen Purdy Beale
showed that a goat could make antibodies to RBC from other goats (outbred), but would not generate antibodies to self RBC
Paul Ehrlich
showed that mice expressing a BCR specific for a self-antigen (Hen Egg Lysozyme) develop and mature, but become unresponsive (anergic) and unable to respond to the same antigen when it is injected
Chris Goodnow
reportedly died from bee sting (anaphylactic shock)
King Menes
suffered from severe allergy to horses and could not lead patricians on horseback—Nero did and became emperor (killed Britannicus)
Britannicus
suffered from strawberry allergies—intentionally consumed strawberries before dinner with adversary (Lord William Hastings), when symptoms developed accused Hastings of witchcraft and had him executed
King Richard III: