Lectures 18-25

Question 1

he was fed small doses of poison by his advisor to build immunity against assassination by poison

Answer 1

Chandragupta Maurya

Question 2

lived in wilderness for 7 years where he regularly ingested sub-lethal doses of poisons to develop immunity to toxins. Invented Mithridatism, the act of ingesting sub-lethal doses of venom or poisons as a means of immunization

Answer 2

Mithridates VI:

Question 3

immunized mice by injecting with sub-lethal doses of protein toxins, and showed that immunity was toxin specific. Also showed that immunity could be transferred from mothers to offspring during nursing

Answer 3

Paul Ehrlich:

Question 4

First use of artificial passive immunization was transfer of serum from horses immunized with low doses of tetanus toxin to patients with disseminated tetanus infection

Answer 4

Von Behring, Kitasato & Wassermann

Question 5

mandated variolation for smallpox in China

Answer 5

Emperor Kangxi

Question 6

brought variolation to Europe

Answer 6

Lady Mary Montague

Question 7

Brought variolation to North America

Answer 7

Cotton Mather

Question 8

generally given credit for the administration of the first formal vaccine (vaccinia virus)

Answer 8

Edward Jenner

Question 9

extracts from tobacco mosaic disease plants could be passed through Chamberland Filters (with pores too small for bacteria) and still cause mosaic disease in healthy plants

Answer 9

Dimitri Ivanosky:

Question 10

isolated variants of tobacco mosaic disease agent, so the filterable agents must have genetic variation, and thus genetic material, like other life forms. Led to a vaccine for tobacco mosaic disease

Answer 10

HH McKinney

Question 11

immunization of rabbits with tobacco mosaic disease extracts resulted in antibodies that only reacted with diseased plants (not healthy plants), so the filterable agent must have proteins

Answer 11

Helen Purdy Beale

Question 12

showed that a goat could make antibodies to RBC from other goats (outbred), but would not generate antibodies to self RBC

Answer 12

Paul Ehrlich

Question 13

showed that mice expressing a BCR specific for a self-antigen (Hen Egg Lysozyme) develop and mature, but become unresponsive (anergic) and unable to respond to the same antigen when it is injected

Answer 13

Chris Goodnow

Question 14

reportedly died from bee sting (anaphylactic shock)

Answer 14

King Menes

Question 15

suffered from severe allergy to horses and could not lead patricians on horseback—Nero did and became emperor (killed Britannicus)

Answer 15

Britannicus

Question 16

suffered from strawberry allergies—intentionally consumed strawberries before dinner with adversary (Lord William Hastings), when symptoms developed accused Hastings of witchcraft and had him executed

Answer 16

King Richard III:

Question 17

described the seasonality of hay fever (fever at the time meant illness)

Answer 17

John Bostok

Question 18

outbred dogs immunized with jellyfish hypnotoxin, sometimes had fatal reactions to subsequent injections of the same protein (independent of dose)
Clemens Von Pirquet & Nicolas Arthus

Answer 18

Charles Richet & Paul Portier

Question 19

some patients treated with Diphtheria anti-toxin (immunized horse serum) had anaphylactic symptoms when treated with horse serum. Nicolas Arthus: subcutaneous injection of hors serum into rabbits (Arthus reaction: prolonged swelling for 10-12 hours after injection)

Answer 19

Clemens Von Pirquet & Nicolas Arthus

Question 20

sublingual treatment with hay fever extract could reduce disease in patients

Answer 20

H. Holbrook Curtis:

Question 21

gradually increasing the dose of antigen during repeated subcutaneous injection could desensitize patients

Answer 21

Leonard Noon & John Freeman

Question 22

developed corticosteroids for inhibiting leukocyte function

Answer 22

Philip Hench and Edward Kendall

Question 23

proposed that the immune system can recognize and eliminate developing tumors

Answer 23

Paul Erhlich

Question 24

“the main function of cellular immunity is not to promote allograft rejection (of transplanted organs), but to protect from neoplastic disease”

Answer 24

Lewis Thomas

Question 25

small accumulations of developing tumor cells possess antigenic properties that allow them to be recognized and eliminated by cellular immunity with no hint of disease

Answer 25

MacFarland Burnet

Question 26

3-methylcholanthrene treatment of nude (athymic) and normal mice showed no difference in cancer incidence or progression

Answer 26

Osias Stutman

Question 27

RAG2-deficient, IFNyR-deficient, or STAT1-deficient mice had increased incidence and progression of 3-methylcholanthrene induced tumors

Answer 27

Robert Schreiber

Question 28

proposed danger hypothesis to account for activation of tumor specific immunity

Answer 28

Polly Matzinger

Question 29

Hindu god of wisdom and science with a transplanted head of an elephant

Answer 29

Ganesh

Question 30

solitary tunicates reject tissues from unrelated donor tunicates. Secondary grafts from same donor are rejected faster, but grafts from other donors rejected at same rate

Answer 30

David Raftos

Question 31

colonial tunicates grow outward from founder—interaction with other colonies of same genotype results in fusion of colonies sharing same vasculature (but interaction with other species does not)

Answer 31

Irv Weissman

Question 32

purported Ayurvedic Indian physician who performed surgical transplant of skin (rhinoplasty, reconstruction of damaged ears, etc.)

Answer 32

Sushruta

Question 33

Italian physician who reconstructed noses and earlobes using autologous skin grafts—skin from unrelated donors usually resulted in rejection

Answer 33

Gasparo Tagliacozzi

Question 34

transplanted cornea to restore vision to blinded patient

Answer 34

Eduard Zirm

Question 35

Ronald donated a kidney that was transplanted into his identical twin brother Richard—first successful human organ transplant

Answer 35

Ronald & Richard Herrick

Question 36

tolerance of organs transplanted between dizygotic (non-identical) cattle showed tolerance could be acquired

Answer 36

Peter Medawar

Question 37

also showed tolerance between transplanted chicken embryos

Answer 37

Milan Hasek

Question 38

independently isolated and identified oncogenic retrovirus recovered from AIDS patients—named Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (LAV)

Answer 38

Luc Montagnier & Francoise Barre-Sinoussi

Question 39

independently characterized Human T lymphotrophic virus (HTLV-1) and AIDS associated retrovirus (ARS) as the causative agents of AIDS

Answer 39

Robert Gallo & Jay Levy

Question 40

diagnosed with HIV, then leukemia. Received BM transplant from CCR5-negative donor and it cured both his HIV and leukemia. First “known” intentional cured patient for HIV

Answer 40

Timothy Brown