Lecure 4

Question 1

What cells are important for controlling transport

Answer 1

Epithelial Cells

Question 2

Properties of Epithelial cells

Answer 2

have asymmetrically distributed transporters, are interlinked by protein linkages, have high level of cell type diversity, abundant mitochondria

Question 3

how do tight epithelia transfer solutes across the cell?

Answer 3

Tight epithelia can transfer solutes across the cell using transporters on the apical and basolateral plasma membrane

Question 4

how do Leaky epithelia move solutes

Answer 4

in leaky epithelia small solutes can also move between cells by passing through the tight junctions that interconnect cells

Question 5

where is energy stored

Answer 5

in electrochemical gradients, diffusion gradients are a form of energy storage, can either be chemical gradient or electrical gradient or both

Question 6

What controls the relative charges of membranes and gradients?

Answer 6

the movement of ions

Question 7

What is the role of enzymes?

Answer 7

Enzymes (catalysts) reduce activation energy

Question 8

What are Carbohydrates?

Answer 8

Polymers made of monosaccharides, which are joined by glycosidic bonds

Question 9

What are Polysaccharides?

Answer 9

Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides. They are combined in a linear fashion and may contain additional amino sugars

Question 10

What is Gluconeogenesis?

Answer 10

input of an amino acid, pyruvate or small lipid and you get the output of glucose of glycogen

Question 11

Glycolysis

Answer 11

Start with glucose and get out 2 pyruvate

Question 12

Where does glycolysis

Answer 12

Occurs in the cytoplasm

Question 13

What are lipids?

Answer 13

highly non- polar, Glycerol and up to three fatty acids

Question 14

what are fatty acids?

Answer 14

long chains of hydrocarbons

Question 15

Poly unsaturated lipid

Answer 15

more than one double bond

Question 16

mono unsaturated lipid

Answer 16

one double bond

Question 17

saturated lipid

Answer 17

no double bonds

Question 18

Process of Fatty Acid Oxidation

Answer 18

Fatty acids are broken down to produce acetyl-CoA, each pair of carbons in the FA chain are used to produce 1 acetyl-CoA

Question 19

How can Acetyl CoA be produced?

Answer 19

Pyruvate, Amino acids (protiens), fatty acids, ketone bodies, lactic acid

Question 20

Apical side of epithelial cells

Answer 20

Outside of the cell have cillia or microcillia

Question 21

Basolateral side of of epithelial cells

Answer 21

inside of the cell

Question 22

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Answer 22

Flat cells, Allows material to pass through by diffusion and filtrations, secretes substances for lubricating (mucus) things can’t diffuse across dry membranes

Question 23

Where are simple squamous epithelium found

Answer 23

Air sacs of lungs and the lining of the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

Question 24

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 24

secretes and absorbes, takes longer for molecules to diffuse through than the simple squamous. located in the ducts and secretory portions of small glands and in kidney tubules

Question 25

Simple Columnar epithelium

Answer 25

absorbs things and also secrete mucous and enzymes. Located in the bronchi, uterus and digestive tract, bladder

Question 26

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Answer 26

lines the esophagus, mouth and vagina, protects against abrasion

Question 27

Which of the following organs might be composed of many epithelial cells?
a. Kidneys
b. Lungs
c. Skin
d. Small intestine
e. all the above

Answer 27

all the above and more!

Question 28

Types of energy

Answer 28

Radiant, mechanical, electrical, thermal, chemical

Question 29

Lactase is the enzyme found in the small intestine which breaks the disaccharide lactose into the hexoses galactose and glucose. Most people stop reduce lactase production with age. Treatment of lactose intolerance is often through exogenous lactose. What does this do?
a. Increase the speed of the reaction
b. Decreases the breakdown of lactose into glucose and galactose
c. reduced the energy required to start the lactase mediated reaction
d. causes the breakdown of lactose

Answer 29

C. reduced the energy required to start the lactase mediated reaction

Question 30

Common energy carrying molecules

Answer 30

ATP, ADP, GTP, PCr

Question 31

what do common energy carrying molecules often involve

Answer 31

phosphate bonds

Question 32

What do chaperones do for proteins

Answer 32

help proteins fold correctly. Heat shock proteins (Hsp) help to maintain or refold proteins