Chapter 1 reading Flashcards
intro to physiology
Animal physiology
study of the structure and function of various parts of an animal and how these parts work together to allow animals to perform their normal behaviors and respond to their environments
phenotype
all of the observable traits of an organism at all levels of biological organization from the biochemistry of the cell to the anatomy, physiology and behavior of the animal
what determines physiological traits?
in large are determined by genes of the genome the genotype but also are influenced by the way the genes are regulated particularly in response to external conditions
how is phenotype determined?
both the genotype of an organism and its environment interact through development to produce the phenotype of the adult organism
Morphology, physiology and behavior are key components of phenotype of an adult organism
how many genotypes can produce a phenotype?
An individual genotype can have the capacity to produce more than one phenotype. Although the same genes are found in each cell, they are regulated in combinations to allow animals to develop distinct tissues
reductionism
the assumption that we learn about a system by studying the function of its parts
diffusion
substances diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration- substances move from areas of high potential energy to areas of low potential energy
second law of thermodynamics
isolated systems spontaneously move toward a state of max entropy ie overtime everything will equalize within a system
Ficks second law
The amt of diffusion that occurs across a surface such as a cell membrane or epithelial tissue is proportional to the area of that surface and inversely proportional to the distance across which the substance must diffuse
allometric
when body shape or physiology changes disproportionately as body size increase
isometric
when morphology or physiology change in direct proportion to body mass
endotherm
an animal that generates and retains heat internally. They maintain a relatively constant body temperature by generating metabolic heat
why do the rates of biochemical reactions increase as temperature increases?
Bc increasing temp supplies more kinetic energy to the molecules involved leading to more frequent and forceful collisions btw reacting molecules TF increasing likelihood that reactions will occur
simpler diet leads to longer or shorter digestive tract?
an omnivor or carnivor will have a shorter intestinal tract than an herbivore bc high fibrous diets take much longer to digest
for adaptive evolution to occur
There must be variation among individuals in the trait under consideration.
The trait must be heritable—genetically determined and passed on to offspring.
The trait must increase the fitness (reproductive success) of the individuals that have the trait.
The relative fitness of the different genotypes depends on the environment. If the environment changes, the trait may no longer be beneficial
