Lectures on RRL

Question 1

A research topic is more likely to become “_____________” if it is a determined research gap from the available literature and studies from various resources.

Answer 1

researchable

Question 2

From its conceptual definition, it refers to a collection of written work with a heightened and artistic use of words may it be fiction or nonfiction.

Answer 2

Literature

Question 3

From its operational definition in research, this terminology refers to published information in a particular subject area which sometimes covers a certain period of time.

Answer 3

Literature

Question 4

Related literature can come and be taken from the following types of resources (Clemente, Julaton, & Orleans, 2016):

Answer 4

• General references
• Primary sources
• Secondary sources
• Tertiary resources

Question 5

books, monographs, conference manuals, research articles, professional journals and similar documents are example of?

Answer 5

General references

Question 6

It includes academic research, university research journals and reputable organizations.

Answer 6

Primary sources

Question 7

articles, analyses, essays, newspaper, single or multiple authored textbooks are example of?

Answer 7

Secondary sources

Question 8

books based on secondary sources that interprets the work of others.

Answer 8

Tertiary resources

Question 9

Who identified the following characteristics of ideal materials to be cited?

Answer 9

Calderon and Gonzales (2014)

Question 10

Characteristics of Materials to be Cited:

Answer 10

• Recency
• Objectivity
• Relevance
• Conciseness

Question 11

The materials that should be included in the review should be recent as much as possible. For general references, published materials 10 years ago are yet sound and valid. Meanwhile, primary, secondary and tertiary references within the last five years are ideal. Archived materials may also be used as reference for theories and concepts.

Answer 11

Recency

Question 12

Since research is academic and scholarly, the materials should be fair, objective and bias-free. It should not favor any extreme and obvious vested interest aside from delivering facts, information, and findings.

Answer 12

Objectivity

Question 13

The weight of relevance of the material to the current research undertaking must be checked. Before citing it, it should bear essential information to clarify and deepen the issues and concepts of the research being conducted. Otherwise, the material should not be considered for the review.

Answer 13

Relevance

Question 14

The materials that the review should have must be sufficient enough, not too few and not too many, to provide the researcher and the readers strong insight about the general and specific problems that the research is trying to address or answer.
The number of related literatures that a review should have for a senior high school research is only 4 to 6 local and international publications or materials.

Answer 14

Conciseness

Question 15

As in all forms of writing, it always pays to have a catchy opening or introduction, a wider discussion of the perspectives about the topic in the body paragraphs, and a sound closing paragraph or statement.

Answer 15

Organization of the Review of Related Literature

Question 16

In writing a review of related literature, there are three major approaches in ordering or sequencing the topics and concepts that you are to include.

Answer 16

• Chronological
• By Topic/Concept
• By Author/Writer

Question 17

This approach in organizing the review puts emphasis on the timeline of development or the year the materials were written. In this case, the intention is to show how changes about the topic occurred from its emergence. This also presents the evolving mindset and thinking of the authors. Mostly, this approach is used in qualitative research.

Answer 17

Chronological

Question 18

In this case, if many or several authors have a comparable opinion about the same topic or issue, it is appropriate to use this approach. This manner of organizing the review highlights the interrelationship of concepts which support the development of the current study. This approach is applicable in all methods of research.

Answer 18

By Topic/Concept

Question 19

To build credibility with the claims that the research would like to stand on, presenting different authors even though they have similar ideas is highly advisable. Each point of view of every author is explained and expound to back up the main idea being presented in the review. Each author is cited in the footnote.

Answer 19

By Author/Writer

Question 20

Can be defined as the norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. It can also be defined as a process of applying moral standards and principles in any undertaking. In general, the ethical standard in research is used so that a researcher will be able to define right from wrong.

Answer 20

Ethics

Question 21

It serve a very vital role in conducting a research study. It can keep the
researcher from committing misconduct while seeking knowledge and truth and respecting and protecting the rights of the respondents-humans and animals.

Answer 21

Ethics

Question 22

It bind different experts together in the spirit of important values such as accountability, cooperation, coordination, mutual understanding, respect, and fairness, among others.

Answer 22

Ethics

Question 23

8 Principles of Ethics

Answer 23

1. Honesty
2. Objectivity
3. Integrity
4. Carefulness
5. Openness
6. Respect for intellectual property
7. Trustworthiness
8. Social and Legal Responsibility

Question 24

Transparency is the key of upholding ________ in research. Researchers must see to it that all borrowed intellectual property must be cited accurately.

Answer 24

Honesty

Question 25

Researchers must see to it that she/he is free from any form of bias in all aspects of his/her research paper.

Answer 25

Objectivity

Question 26

The researcher must secure that the study holds sincerity and consistency. Also, they must see to it that all of the parts promised and presented during the presentation of the proposal must be kept.

Answer 26

Integrity

Question 27

The researcher must see to it that the conduct of the study must be free from any __________ and errors of negligence. All important data must be kept for future uses.

Answer 27

Carefulness

Question 28

Researches must see to it that they are open-minded persons wherein they can accept suggestions from others and they can handle constructive criticism.

Answer 28

Openness

Question 29

A good researcher must see to it that she/he practices respect for intellectual property. This principle can be executed upon proper citation of borrowed statements and giving due credit to the owner.

Answer 29

Respect for intellectual property

Question 30

A researcher must secure that he/she is maintaining his/her ____________. The researchers must see to it that any data or information in the research, especially those data from surveys and other data gathering procedures, must be used according to its proper and allotted usage only. The researchers must also keep the confidentiality of every data gathered and must protect its privacy.

Answer 30

Trustworthiness

Question 31

A researcher must abide by the legalities, rules, policies, and regulations set by his/her partner institution or organization.

Answer 31

Social and legal responsibility

Question 32

The need for ethics is very vital in research because of these reasons:

Answer 32

1) Norms promote the aims of research such as knowledge, truth, understanding, and avoidance of error. 2) Norms promote the values that are essential to collaborative work such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. They also protect intellectual property interests and encourage confidentiality even in collaboration. 3) Norms ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public. To a certain extent, they draw parameters on which ideas to write and how they should be written. 4) Norms promote a variety of other important moral and social values. Ethical lapses in research can significantly harm human and animal subjects, students, other individuals, and the public in general. 5) Norms help build public support for research. This happens when individuals and organizations believe in the integrity and credibility of the researcher/s, thus they will offer support for the project.

Question 33

To further understand the function of ethics in research, what are some terminologies that may aid you:

Answer 33

* Ethical Relativism * Ethical Principles * Ethical Dilemma

Question 34

This refers to the view that values are relative in the sense that a person feels his/her value is better than any other person’s value.

Answer 34

Ethical Relativism

Question 35

This term refers to values that are translated into rules or standards of conduct.

Answer 35

Ethical Principles

Question 36

This refers to situations where there is an evident conflict between values and principles and the choice of action needs to be decided.

Answer 36

Ethical Dilemma

Question 37

What are the following possible scientific misconducts that can be done in research?

Answer 37

* Fabrication and falsification of data * Non-publication of data * Faulty data gathering procedures * Plagiarism

Question 38

Also known as “cooking of data”. This scientific misconduct involves producing data without actual experimentation or altering data in recording for the intention to fit them to what is expected.

Answer 38

Fabrication and falsification of data

Question 39

involves choosing not to include data because they do not conform to the well-established body of knowledge or are unsupportive of the research hypothesis. Only the results that do not reject the hypothesis are reported and published.

Answer 39

Non-publication of data

Question 40

It is referred to as negligence or carelessness that leads to errors in measurement or faulty research instruments. An Error may also be caused by inappropriate application of treatment to the subjects and poor data recording.

Answer 40

Faulty data gathering procedures

Question 41

It is a fraudulent act that involves claiming another person’s ideas, work, or publication. It is a form of intellectual property stealing and dishonesty that usually happens in scientific publications.

Answer 41

Plagiarism

Question 42

Four types of Plagiarism.

Answer 42

* Copy and Paste Plagiarism * Mosaic Plagiarism * Misattribution Plagiarism * Self-Plagiarism

Question 43

This type of plagiarism involves copying information word-by-word without giving due credit to the source. Copy and paste plagiarism can be avoided upon enclosing the borrowed words with quotation marks (“) and properly citing the author.

Answer 43

Copy and Paste Plagiarism

Question 44

Thist is defined by changing only some words in the copied information. The sentence structure is still maintained.

Answer 44

Mosaic Plagiarism

Question 45

This type of plagiarism can be done if an author wrongly cited information, maybe to the wrong authors or to the nonexistent authors.

Answer 45

Misattribution Plagiarism

Question 46

This type of plagiarism can be committed if an author republishes his/her work.

Answer 46

Self-Plagiarism

Question 47

Self-plagiarism comes in two forms:

Answer 47

* Duplication * Replication

Question 48

It can be committed once a researcher copies and submits without proper citations.

Answer 48

Duplication

Question 49

Is multiple cases of duplication.

Answer 49

Replication

Question 49

Is multiple cases of duplication.

Answer 49

Replication

Question 50

Related legal charges that may be called against unethical writing.

Answer 50

* Plagiarism * Copyright

Question 51

Republic Act No. 8293 otherwise known as the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines “protects and secures the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the people.”

Answer 51

Plagiarism

Question 52

This act is never tolerated even in schools and universities and violators are subject to failure in the subject or the worse are expelled.

Answer 52

Republic Act No. 8293 otherwise known as the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines

Question 53

It differs from plagiarism as it may pertain to the breach of contract between the authors and the publishers about the coverage or scope of circulation and distribution of the original work. These charges are serious, and it does not excuse anyone. In order to avoid this untoward scenario, writers and researchers like you should observe ethical standards through acknowledging the original authors of the work where the concepts, ideas or information is taken.

Answer 53

Copyright

Question 54

The making of list of references or bibliography follows specific standards and format. The commonly used formats are:

Answer 54

* American Psychological Association or APA Style; * Modern Language Association or MLA Style; and * Chicago Manual of Style.

Question 55

This citation is commonly used when a researcher works in socia science-related researches. It follows an author-date format, wherein, the needed information for its in-text citation is the author's surname and the year of publishing.

Answer 55

American Psychological Association or APA Style;

Question 56

Is one commonly used citation style in research papers usually used in liberal arts and humanities. It follows and author page format, wherein authors's surname and the page number where it could be found is needed.

Answer 56

Modern Language Association or MLA Style

Question 57

Is a citation style that presents two basic documentation systems:

Answer 57

Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

Question 58

Two basic documentation systems of CMS

Answer 58

* Notes and Bibliography System * Author-Date System

Question 59

In this system, bibliographic information such as notes and bibliography is needed. Footnotes or endnotes are placed in the bottom part of the paper and provide all information relative to the source.

Answer 59

Notes and Bibliography System

Question 60

Is commonly used when a researcher will pursue studies in line with physical, natural, and social sciences.

Answer 60

Author-Date System

Question 61

Reminders when using the APA format

Answer 61

a) You should use a hanging indention. All lines, except the first one, must be indented by 0.5 from the left. b) When writing the author's name, the last name must come first before the given name. The given name must be represented by initials. When there are two or more authors, ellipses must be used to separate them. c) The first word of the title must be capitalized. Other necessary publication information and proper noun should follow the same format.

Question 62

What are some considerations that you must look into when using the MLA Citation Style?

Answer 62

a) Hanging indention format must also be followed. Subsequent lines of each entry must be indented by 0.5 from the left. b) In using the MLA format, the author's last name will be followed by the author's complete given name. If the middle name is given, it should also be written after the given name. if the author has namesuffixes, it should be written on the last part. c) All words in the title must be capitalized. Prepositions or conjunctions are excluded by this rule, except if it is the first word of the title.

Question 63

Is defined as a combination of information and discussionfrom one or more relevant sources of information.

Answer 63

Synthesis

Question 64

Two ways in presenting your information:

Answer 64

* Explanatory Synthesis * Argument Synthesis

Question 65

Deals with presenting the information through explanations and presents it objectively.

Answer 65

Explanatory Synthesis

Question 66

Enables researcher to present his/her point of view from a certain topic in a logical manner.

Answer 66

Argument Synthesis

Question 67

Topic areas, controversial issues, and questions with varying themes must be considered in ?

Answer 67

Literature Review Structure

Question 68

Characteristics of a good literature review:

Answer 68

* Focused * Concise * Logical * Developed * Integrative * Current

Question 69

RRL must be composed of information that is related to your research topic.

Answer 69

Focused

Question 70

Ideas must be presented economically.

Answer 70

Concise

Question 71

The flow of ideas and information must be based on logic. It should be smooth flowing.

Answer 71

Logical

Question 72

RRL must be composed of complete information.

Answer 72

Developed

Question 73

In instances of combining information, links between these ideas must be evident. The contribution of the reviewed materials on the topic must also be shown.

Answer 73

Integrative

Question 74

Researchers must only use the new and trendy information about a research topic.

Answer 74

Current

Question 75

Questions used in Critical Evaluation of the Literature

Answer 75

1. Have you organized your material according to issues? 2. Is there a logic to the way you organized your material? 3. Does the amount of detail included on an issue related to its importance? 4. Have you been sufficiently critical of design and methodological issues? 5. Have you indicated when results were conflicting or inconclusive and discussed possible reasons? 6. Have you indicated the relevance of each reference to your research?