Lectures on RRL Flashcards
A research topic is more likely to become “_____________” if it is a determined research gap from the available literature and studies from various resources.
researchable
From its conceptual definition, it refers to a collection of written work with a heightened and artistic use of words may it be fiction or nonfiction.
Literature
From its operational definition in research, this terminology refers to published information in a particular subject area which sometimes covers a certain period of time.
Literature
Related literature can come and be taken from the following types of resources (Clemente, Julaton, & Orleans, 2016):
- General references
- Primary sources
- Secondary sources
- Tertiary resources
books, monographs, conference manuals, research articles, professional journals and similar documents are example of?
General references
It includes academic research, university research journals and reputable organizations.
Primary sources
articles, analyses, essays, newspaper, single or multiple authored textbooks are example of?
Secondary sources
books based on secondary sources that interprets the work of others.
Tertiary resources
Who identified the following characteristics of ideal materials to be cited?
Calderon and Gonzales (2014)
Characteristics of Materials to be Cited:
- Recency
- Objectivity
- Relevance
- Conciseness
The materials that should be included in the review should be recent as much as possible. For general references, published materials 10 years ago are yet sound and valid. Meanwhile, primary, secondary and tertiary references within the last five years are ideal. Archived materials may also be used as reference for theories and concepts.
Recency
Since research is academic and scholarly, the materials should be fair, objective and bias-free. It should not favor any extreme and obvious vested interest aside from delivering facts, information, and findings.
Objectivity
The weight of relevance of the material to the current research undertaking must be checked. Before citing it, it should bear essential information to clarify and deepen the issues and concepts of the research being conducted. Otherwise, the material should not be considered for the review.
Relevance
The materials that the review should have must be sufficient enough, not too few and not too many, to provide the researcher and the readers strong insight about the general and specific problems that the research is trying to address or answer.
The number of related literatures that a review should have for a senior high school research is only 4 to 6 local and international publications or materials.
Conciseness
As in all forms of writing, it always pays to have a catchy opening or introduction, a wider discussion of the perspectives about the topic in the body paragraphs, and a sound closing paragraph or statement.
Organization of the Review of Related Literature
In writing a review of related literature, there are three major approaches in ordering or sequencing the topics and concepts that you are to include.
- Chronological
- By Topic/Concept
- By Author/Writer
This approach in organizing the review puts emphasis on the timeline of development or the year the materials were written. In this case, the intention is to show how changes about the topic occurred from its emergence. This also presents the evolving mindset and thinking of the authors. Mostly, this approach is used in qualitative research.
Chronological
In this case, if many or several authors have a comparable opinion about the same topic or issue, it is appropriate to use this approach. This manner of organizing the review highlights the interrelationship of concepts which support the development of the current study. This approach is applicable in all methods of research.
By Topic/Concept
To build credibility with the claims that the research would like to stand on, presenting different authors even though they have similar ideas is highly advisable. Each point of view of every author is explained and expound to back up the main idea being presented in the review. Each author is cited in the footnote.
By Author/Writer
Can be defined as the norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. It can also be defined as a process of applying moral standards and principles in any undertaking. In general, the ethical standard in research is used so that a researcher will be able to define right from wrong.
Ethics
It serve a very vital role in conducting a research study. It can keep the
researcher from committing misconduct while seeking knowledge and truth and respecting and protecting the rights of the respondents-humans and animals.
Ethics
It bind different experts together in the spirit of important values such as accountability, cooperation, coordination, mutual understanding, respect, and fairness, among others.
Ethics
8 Principles of Ethics
- Honesty
- Objectivity
- Integrity
- Carefulness
- Openness
- Respect for intellectual property
- Trustworthiness
- Social and Legal Responsibility
Transparency is the key of upholding ________ in research. Researchers must see to it that all borrowed intellectual property must be cited accurately.
Honesty
Researchers must see to it that she/he is free from any form of bias in all aspects of his/her research paper.
Objectivity
The researcher must secure that the study holds sincerity and consistency. Also, they must see to it that all of the parts promised and presented during the presentation of the proposal must be kept.
Integrity
The researcher must see to it that the conduct of the study must be free from any __________ and errors of negligence. All important data must be kept for future uses.
Carefulness
Researches must see to it that they are open-minded persons wherein they can accept suggestions from others and they can handle constructive criticism.
Openness
A good researcher must see to it that she/he practices respect for intellectual property. This principle can be executed upon proper citation of borrowed statements and giving due credit to the owner.
Respect for intellectual property
A researcher must secure that he/she is maintaining his/her ____________. The researchers must see to it that any data or information in the research, especially those data from surveys and other data gathering procedures, must be used according to its proper and allotted usage only. The researchers must also keep the confidentiality of every data gathered and must protect its privacy.
Trustworthiness
A researcher must abide by the legalities, rules, policies, and regulations set by his/her partner institution or organization.
Social and legal responsibility
The need for ethics is very vital in research because of these reasons:
1) Norms promote the aims of research such as knowledge, truth, understanding, and avoidance of error.
2) Norms promote the values that are essential to collaborative work such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. They also protect intellectual property interests and encourage confidentiality even in collaboration.
3) Norms ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public. To a certain extent, they draw parameters on which ideas to write and how they should be written.
4) Norms promote a variety of other important moral and social values. Ethical lapses in research can significantly harm human and animal subjects, students, other individuals, and the public in general.
5) Norms help build public support for research. This happens when individuals and organizations believe in the integrity and credibility of the researcher/s, thus they will offer support for the project.
To further understand the function of ethics in research, what are some terminologies that may aid you:
- Ethical Relativism
- Ethical Principles
- Ethical Dilemma
This refers to the view that values are relative in the sense that a person feels his/her value is better than any other person’s value.
Ethical Relativism
This term refers to values that are translated into rules or standards of conduct.
Ethical Principles
This refers to situations where there is an evident conflict between values and principles and the choice of action needs to be decided.
Ethical Dilemma
What are the following possible scientific misconducts that can be done in research?
- Fabrication and falsification of data
- Non-publication of data
- Faulty data gathering procedures
- Plagiarism
Also known as “cooking of data”. This scientific misconduct involves producing data without actual experimentation or
altering data in recording for the intention to fit them to what is expected.
Fabrication and falsification of data
involves choosing not to include data because they do not conform to the well-established body of knowledge or are unsupportive of the research hypothesis. Only the results that do not reject the hypothesis are reported and published.
Non-publication of data
It is referred to as negligence or carelessness that leads to errors in measurement or faulty research instruments. An Error may also be caused by inappropriate application of treatment to the subjects and poor data recording.
Faulty data gathering procedures
It is a fraudulent act that involves claiming another person’s ideas, work, or publication. It is a form of intellectual property stealing and dishonesty that usually happens in scientific publications.
Plagiarism
Four types of Plagiarism.
- Copy and Paste Plagiarism
- Mosaic Plagiarism
- Misattribution Plagiarism
- Self-Plagiarism
This type of plagiarism involves copying information word-by-word without giving due credit to the source. Copy and paste plagiarism can be avoided upon enclosing the borrowed words with quotation marks (“) and properly citing the author.
Copy and Paste Plagiarism
Thist is defined by changing only some words in the copied information. The sentence structure is still maintained.
Mosaic Plagiarism
This type of plagiarism can be done if an author
wrongly cited information, maybe to the wrong authors or to the nonexistent authors.
Misattribution Plagiarism
This type of plagiarism can be committed if an author republishes his/her work.
Self-Plagiarism
Self-plagiarism comes in two forms:
- Duplication
- Replication
It can be committed once a researcher copies and submits without proper citations.
Duplication
Is multiple cases of duplication.
Replication
Is multiple cases of duplication.
Replication
Related legal charges that may be called against unethical writing.
- Plagiarism
- Copyright
Republic Act No. 8293 otherwise known as the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines “protects and secures the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the people.”
Plagiarism
This act is never tolerated even in schools and universities and violators are subject to failure in the subject or the worse are expelled.
Republic Act No. 8293 otherwise known as the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
It differs from plagiarism as it may pertain to the breach of contract between the authors and the publishers about the coverage or scope of circulation and distribution of the original work. These charges are serious, and it does not excuse anyone. In order to avoid this untoward scenario, writers and researchers like you should observe ethical standards through acknowledging the original authors of the work where the concepts, ideas or information is taken.
Copyright
The making of list of references or bibliography follows specific standards and format. The commonly used formats are:
- American Psychological Association or APA Style;
- Modern Language Association or MLA Style; and
- Chicago Manual of Style.
This citation is commonly used when a researcher works in socia science-related researches. It follows an author-date format, wherein, the needed information for its in-text citation is the author’s surname and the year of publishing.
American Psychological Association or APA Style;
Is one commonly used citation style in research papers usually used in liberal arts and humanities. It follows and author page format, wherein authors’s surname and the page number where it could be found is needed.
Modern Language Association or MLA Style
Is a citation style that presents two basic documentation systems:
Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)
Two basic documentation systems of CMS
- Notes and Bibliography System
- Author-Date System
In this system, bibliographic information such as notes and bibliography is needed. Footnotes or endnotes are placed in the bottom part of the paper and provide all information relative to the source.
Notes and Bibliography System
Is commonly used when a researcher will pursue studies in line with physical, natural, and social sciences.
Author-Date System
Reminders when using the APA format
a) You should use a hanging indention. All lines, except the first one, must be indented by 0.5 from the left.
b) When writing the author’s name, the last name must come first before the given name. The given name must be represented by initials. When there are two or more authors, ellipses must be used to separate them.
c) The first word of the title must be capitalized. Other necessary publication
information and proper noun should follow the same format.
What are some considerations that you must look into when using the MLA Citation Style?
a) Hanging indention format must also be followed. Subsequent lines of each entry must be indented by 0.5 from the left.
b) In using the MLA format, the author’s last name will be followed by the author’s complete given name. If the middle name is given, it should also be written after the given name. if the author has namesuffixes, it should be written on the last part.
c) All words in the title must be capitalized. Prepositions or conjunctions are excluded by this rule, except if it is the first word of the title.
Is defined as a combination of information and discussionfrom one or more relevant sources of information.
Synthesis
Two ways in presenting your information:
- Explanatory Synthesis
- Argument Synthesis
Deals with presenting the information through explanations and presents it objectively.
Explanatory Synthesis
Enables researcher to present his/her point of view from a certain topic in a logical manner.
Argument Synthesis
Topic areas, controversial issues, and questions with varying themes must be considered in ?
Literature Review Structure
Characteristics of a good literature review:
- Focused
- Concise
- Logical
- Developed
- Integrative
- Current
RRL must be composed of information that is related to your research topic.
Focused
Ideas must be presented economically.
Concise
The flow of ideas and information must be based on logic. It should be smooth flowing.
Logical
RRL must be composed of complete information.
Developed
In instances of combining information, links between these ideas must be evident. The contribution of the reviewed materials on the topic must also be shown.
Integrative
Researchers must only use the new and trendy information about a research topic.
Current
Questions used in Critical Evaluation of the Literature
- Have you organized your material according to issues?
- Is there a logic to the way you organized your material?
- Does the amount of detail included on an issue related to its importance?
- Have you been sufficiently critical of design and methodological issues?
- Have you indicated when results were conflicting or inconclusive and discussed possible reasons?
- Have you indicated the relevance of each reference to your research?
