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PSYC 332 > Lectures Midterm > Flashcards

Lectures Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

3 levels of personality

A
  • Actor (Big 5)
  • Agent (goals, motivation, values)
  • Author (evolving identity)
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2
Q

Personality and Assessment by Walter Mischel

A
  • textbook for Koestner’s 1977 Personality course
  • there is no stable personality, all behavior is explained by situations
  • not current
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3
Q

Personality definitions

A
  • characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique
  • arises from within the individual
  • fairly consistent across situations and time
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4
Q

Big 5 traits and relationships

A
  • usually pretty random, not matching
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5
Q

Traits definition

A
  • dimension (not types)
  • tendencies (not dispositions)
  • Consistencies across situations and over time
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6
Q

Forer effect

A
  • used in way people read palms, bad personality tests, ect.
  • ambiguous feedback that’s fairly positive
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7
Q

Why Myers-Briggs is bad

A
  • mother-daughter pair, probably not psychologists
  • based on Carl Jung’s work
  • 4 dichotomies (extraversion is only good one)
  • over 100 years old
  • lots of items don’t test anything meaningful
  • results don’t predict anything
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8
Q

Personality trait correlation high school vs 10 year reunion

A
  • .6 or .7
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9
Q

Janine from Abbot Elementary personality

A
  • high sociability, lower social dominance (but can be assertive sometimes ex work friends confrontation)
  • high A, sensitive
  • might be neurotic/hypersensitive
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10
Q

Jacob from Abbot Elementary personality

A
  • careful not to make others feel bad
  • able to make genuine apology
  • high on A and E
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11
Q

Gregory from Abbot Elementary personality

A
  • consoles Janine, kind, empathetic
  • inhibited, constrained
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12
Q

Tariq from Abbot Elementary personality

A
  • Janine’s bf
  • open, confident, carefree, self-centeres
  • high E, low C
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13
Q

Pierre Poilievre personality

A
  • introverted, low on agreeableness
  • logical, organized, reliable
  • arrogant
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14
Q

Evidence for construct validity of Big 5

A
  • very reliable (same results across time)
  • universal; used in other languages, cultures, and species (although most animals do not have C)
  • high correlation between self-report and actual behavior
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15
Q

Mnemonics for Big 5

A
  • Extraversion, Energy, Enthusiasm
  • Neuroticism, Negative Affect, Nervousness
  • Openness, Originality, Open-Mindedness
  • Agreeableness, Altruism, Affection
  • Conscientiousness, Control, Constraint
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16
Q

Most and least extroverted world regions

A
  • most: North America, Eastern Europe, Oceania
  • least: East Asia, South/SE Asia, South America
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17
Q

According to Miller, what are uses of Big 5 in counselling

A
  • N only trait predictive of being in therapy
  • can anticipate and understand client’s private exp
  • can anticipate problems presented in treatment
  • helps formulate a practical plan and predict opportunities and pitfalls of it
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18
Q

Full version of Big 5

A
  • 240 questions
  • each trait broken down into 6 facets
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19
Q

Kelly&Conley 50 year study (1937-1987)

A
  • got personality self reports and close other ratings
  • follow ups at 5 years, 20 years, 50 years
  • extroverts had more kids, neurotics had less kids
  • 2 traits predictive of marital misery: N and C of husband
  • non-personality factors of MM: SES, religion, life events
  • low A and submissiveness (low E) of men associated w them staying in unhappy marriages
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20
Q

Which trait is most highly correlated in married couples?

A
  • Openness to experience!
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21
Q

Big 5 and job performance meta-analysis

A
  • C is #1 thing that predicts success at work (all stages)
  • extraversion predicts success in management or sales w .5 correlation
  • O helps adapt to new work culture and do better at training
  • A and N might do better in small work groups
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22
Q

Stanford business: “the worst kind of group for an organization that wants to be innovative/creative is one in which…

A

…everyone is alike and gets along too well”

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23
Q

Grit

A
  • persistence, determination, and resilience; maintained effort and interest over years despite failure/challenge
  • approaches achievement as a marathon
  • tests of this actually measure facets of C
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24
Q

Cluster A of PDs

A
  • characterized by odd patterns of thinking
  • behavior: odd, eccentric
  • PDs: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
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25
Q

Cluster B of PDs

A
  • behavior: dramatic, erratic
  • PDs: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
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26
Q

Cluster C of PDs

A
  • characterized by erratic emotional patterns
  • behavior: anxious, fearful
  • avoidant, dependent, OCD
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27
Q

Schizoid PD (cluster A)

A
  • extreme isolation, inability to enjoy social relations
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28
Q

Schizotypal PD (cluster A)

A
  • social awkwardness, bizarre thoughts + behaviors
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29
Q

Paranoid PD (cluster A)

A
  • suspiciousness, hostility, lack of trust in relationships
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30
Q

Histrionic PD (cluster B)

A
  • flamboyant but superficial style, self-centeredness
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31
Q

Narcissistic PD (cluster B)

A
  • grandiosity, lack of empathy, need for admiration, attention seeking
  • Michael Scott fits this pretty well
  • need 5 of 9 traits for diagnosis
  • reality TV stars score high on measures of narcissism
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32
Q

Antisocial PD (cluster B)

A
  • cruel + aggressive behavior, psychopathology
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33
Q

Borderline PD (cluster B)

A
  • emotional instability, emptiness, fear of abandonment
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34
Q

Dependent PD (cluster C)

A
  • submissive + passive style, need to be taken care of
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35
Q

Obsessive-compulsive PD (cluster C)

A
  • rigid adherence to rules + details, desire for perfection
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36
Q

Avoidant PD (cluster C)

A
  • social withdrawal out of fear of criticism or inadequacy
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37
Q

Diagnosis of personality disorders

A
  • very unreliable, concern ab clinical utility
  • hard to properly define using categorical classification
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38
Q

McCrae & Costa, Big 5 and PDs

A
  • schizoid related to low E
  • histrionic related to high E (wrong)
  • dependent related to high A (wrong)
  • antisocial related to low A
  • ppl high in C prone to compulsive disorders (wrong)
  • openness is only trait not linked to PDs
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39
Q

FFM

A
  • five-factor model, Big 5
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40
Q

DSM5 Alternative dimensional system for PDs

A
  • focus on extremes of behavior on certain dimensions
  • judgement on whether you’ve reached a threshold of personality functioning (criterion A)
  • look at identity+self-direction and empathy+intimacy
  • criterion B: pathological personality domains
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41
Q

DSM5 alt. dimensional system: Criterion B

A

Pathological Personality Domains
- negative affectivity vs emotional stability
- detachment vs extraversion
- antagonism vs agreeableness
- disinhibition vs conscientiousness
- psychoticism vs lucidity

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42
Q

PDs in DSM5

A
  • antisocial PD
  • borderline PD
  • avoidant PD
  • schizotypal PD
  • narcissistic PD
  • OCD
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43
Q

Positive psychology

A
  • scientific study of what makes life worth living
  • shift away from mental illness toward personal virtues/character strengths (and cultivating these)
  • leaders: Seligman and Peterson
  • 6 main virtues and 24 character strengths (determined via looking at old texts and seeing how extraordinary ppl were defined)
  • virtues: transcendence, temperance, justice, humanity, courage, wisdom
  • test called VIA classification of strengths
  • no predictive validity beyond Big 5
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44
Q

George from Seinfeld

A
  • all 4 friends low on A, 3/4 high on N
  • George is bundle of high N and low A
  • freaks out when gf and friend become friends bc his worlds are colliding (independent George and relationship George)
  • high self-monitor!
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45
Q

Mr Kim from Kim’s convenience

A
  • more quarrelsome than agreeable
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46
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A
  • attribute own behavior to external factors
  • attribute others’ behavior to traits
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47
Q

Cross Role Variation study (Sheldon 2005)

A
  • how students behave at school, w parents, at work, w friends
  • 80% of variance on trait dimensions was across roles
  • only 20% between people
48
Q

E and N by role

A
  • lower E and higher N at school
  • higher E and lower N w friends
49
Q

A by role

A
  • highest at work, lowest with family
50
Q

C by role

A
  • highest at work, lowest with friends
51
Q

Dr. Koestner chameleon story

A
  • first gf in last year of uni (she had bf back home)
  • 2nd year grad school had relationship for a few weeks
  • romantic getaway weekend, she made him pull over, told him she’s not sure about the trip because she doesn’t know who he is
  • heard him talking to bus driver and janitor and being loud and boorish, called him chameleon
  • he told her he comes from poor family so has two ways of acting, and she bought it
52
Q

Mark Snyder on self-monitoring

A
  • ppl differ meaningfully in extent to which they CAN and DO engage in expressive control (facial expressions, tone, movements – mostly tied to E-I scale)
  • high SM: willing and able to project images desired by others (is adaptable, better outcomes, good managers or teachers)
  • low SM: unwilling and unable to carry off appearances
  • developed a scale, mostly used in organizational psyc
53
Q

Lippa and Bem study on self-monitoring and friendliness

A
  • got reports from peers, mom, dad, obs. in group discussion, obs of spontaneous friendliness
  • correlation between reports lower for high SMs
54
Q

Lipa and Bem study on self-monitoring and E

A
  • made subjects teach math lesson, pretend to be high E, low E, and neutral
  • introverts high in SM had 2x range of low group in terms of acting more extroverted (can pull off acting like extroverts!!)
55
Q

Correlates of high self-monitoring

A
  • quickly assess demands of sit. and act accordingly
  • low consistencies between trait scores and behavior
  • many friends but do specific things w each, dont encourage social contact among friends
56
Q

Correlates of low self-monitoring

A
  • less sensitive to nuances of situation, less likely to alter behavior
  • high consistency between trait scores and behavior
  • fewer friends but engage in variety of things with each, encourage social contact
57
Q

SM and social networks (study of Korean expatriates running convenience stores)

A
  • SM predicted ability to build network inside and outside of Korean community
58
Q

Why do chameleons change colour?

A

to find romantic partners!

59
Q

Genes are ___X more important that parenting or other factors on personality

A

10 (except in extreme negative parenting cases)

60
Q

Richard and Roland Big 5 traits early in life

A
  • N: Richard > Roland
  • E: Richard < Roland
  • O: Richard < Roland
  • A: Richard > Roland
  • C: Richard < Roland
61
Q

Internal locus of control

A
  • belief ab whether you control reward + punishment in your life
  • Richard and brother Roland were similar on this
62
Q

Heritability Quotient

A
  • estimate of proportion of variability in a given characteristic that can be attributed to genetic differences between people
63
Q

Twin studies and heritability of personality traits

A
  • show about 50% heritability of E
  • MZ twins might be treated more similarly, could in part account for higher correlations in trait scores (but studies show it is more ab genes)
  • MZ raised together have highest correlation
  • almost no genetic effect on locus of control, mostly ab family
64
Q

% of variance in personality accounted for by shared environment

A

2-5%

65
Q

% of variance in personality accounted for by NONshared environment

A

25%

66
Q

Riese et al 2014 study on impact of stressful life event on levels of N in Finnish twins over 6 years

A
  • stability of N is pretty high (r = .60)
  • exposure to SLEs moderately increased N
  • effect same for identical and fraternal twins (means it is a nonshared environmental effect)
67
Q

Steve from Stranger Things

A
  • starts as a typical villain but turns good
68
Q

Longitudinal Stability of Adult Personality (McCrae and Costa)

A
  • suggests Big 5 traits are remarkably stable over decades
  • not all true, but rank order is pretty stable
69
Q

Bruce from 49 and up video

A
  • filmed every 7 years
  • doesn’t change much over time
  • low E, very high C, high A
  • always apologizing (low confidence/assertiveness, not high A!!!)
70
Q

Costa & McCrae Baltimore longitudinal study

A
  • tracked 20,000 Americans over 6 years
  • median .82 correlation in traits (about high as can be)
  • maybe started too late in life (subjects were 25-30 at first time point)
  • 5 other studies with time spans 6-20 years also show pretty high correlations (median .64)
71
Q

Finn study on trait stability

A
  • measured two groups at two time points: one group at 25 and 55, and one group at 45 and 75
  • median r in younger start group was .47, was .78 in older start group!
72
Q

Costa & McCrae perceived trait stability

A
  • we overestimate how much we’ve changed over time
  • think we were more awkward that we really were in high school bc we like redemptive life stories
73
Q

Normative changes for Emotional Stability (low N)

A
  • increase slowly, dramatic increase from 20-40, plateaus in late middle-age
74
Q

Normative changes for E

A
  • social vitality: pretty stable
  • social dominance: biggest increase from 15-40, biggest trait change across lifespan!
75
Q

Normative changes for O

A
  • rapid increase in adolescence, stays steady after that
76
Q

Normative changes for A

A
  • steady march upwards, biggest changes from 20-30 and 50-60
77
Q

Normative changes in C

A
  • raises steadily, biggest changes from 20-40 and 60-70
78
Q

University vs trade work A&C

A
  • uni students: earlier increase in A (diversity helps!)
  • trade workers: earlier increase in C
79
Q

Richard and Tony HS vs adulthood social dominance

A
  • both made big steps forward, but from different starting points (Richard was 20th %, Tony was 80th)
80
Q

Specific events that can impact Big 5 traits

A
  • first meaningful relationship
  • first career-related job
  • stressful life events
  • substance abuse
  • psychotherapy
81
Q

Neyer & Lenhart 2007 study on change in N and social dominance by new relationship

A
  • asked 23 and 31 yo if they were single or in love relationship
  • big decrease in N in those who were newly coupled at second time
  • big increase in social dominance and in C for newly coupled subjects
82
Q

Impacts of drug abuse when younger on traits

A
  • lower C and A
83
Q

Impacts of psychological intervention on traits

A
  • biggest impact on N, then E
  • no meaningful differences between types of treatment
  • anxiety and PD patients showed greatest change
84
Q

Susan Cain thoughts on introversion

A
  • was quiet and loved to read, went o a camp where she was expected to be extraverted, discovered an internalized bias for extraversion
  • shyness is ab fear of judgement, introversion is ab social stimulation
  • 1/3 to 1/2 of population are introverts
  • introversion is a different style
  • introversion is clearly temperamental, genetic
85
Q

Dr. Koestner on shyness vs introversion

A
  • shyness is anxiety and inhibition in (some) social settings, they are preoccupied ab social judgement
  • thinks this is a problem (vs introversion which isn’t)
  • 1/3 of introverts are shy, 1/3 of shy ppl have social anx.
86
Q

Big Bang Theory: Sheldon, Raj, Howard, Leonard

A
  • Sheldon: introvert, low on A
  • Raj: social anxiety, selective mutism
  • Howard: raging extrovert but is socially awkward and pretty neurotic
  • Leonard: shy, but trying to improve (and wants to help Sheldon and Raj improve)
87
Q

Correlates of introversion

A
  • talk less in new social situation
  • less eye contact, less firm handshake
  • prefer solitary pursuits (do better in school)
  • narrow friendship network
  • less likely to be chosen as a leader (but can be great with proactive group, good at bringing out best in others)
88
Q

Jerome Kagan’s Inhibited-Shy child

A
  • 20% of infants are inhibited (upset by any stimulation)
  • remains quite stable in life
  • monkey study showed environment plays bigger role than genetics
89
Q

Physiological and neuropsychological indicators of shyness

A
  • heart rate, pupil dilation, morning cortisol
  • shy ppl elevated on all 3 during novel situation
  • shy ppl show stronger fight or flight response to new stimuli (limbic system)
  • we can adapt behavior but physiology remains
90
Q

According to Jay Belsky, what is the best way to help a shy child?

A
  • sensitive encouragement
  • not force child and overwhelm coping capacity
91
Q

Fractions of population who are shy-inhibited at different ages

A
  • 6mo: 20/100
  • 2yo: 15/100
  • 14yo: 10/100
  • 30yo: 5/100 (in Japan, 15/100)
  • in US, almost 75% of shy-reactive infants can shed these tendencies in adulthood!
92
Q

Brian Little, Free Trait Theory

A
  • we can act out of character at the service of core personal goals
  • we need a recuperative niche after we act out of character (for Little this is hiding in bathroom stall after a big lecture bc he is very low on E)
93
Q

3 important personality identities according to Little

A
  • Biogenic: inborn personality (Big 5)
  • Sociogenic: personality expected by culture, family, religion
  • Ideogenic: desires and sense of what matters in life (levels 2/3 of McAdams)
94
Q

Eli Finkel dating research

A
  • romantic success hinges more on who they are or what they believe they want in a partner
  • language style matching in speed dates can predict liking and relationship formation/stability
95
Q

Study of self-critics and self-enhancers results

A
  • both backfire!
  • public response to self-critics is to reassure, but in private ppl will agree with critical comments
  • publicly people will feed narcissism but in private say confederate isn’t as good as they think
96
Q

Greg in Diary of a Wimpy Kid

A
  • grade 5 or 6
  • wrestling with status/popularity ranking
97
Q

Rosenberg self-esteem scale

A
  • self-report scale out of 30
98
Q

Why doesn’t McAdams include self-esteem in his model

A
  • se is an outcome variable reflective of adjustment or well being (does not predict personality)
  • covaries strongly with social dominance
  • social dominance scale has .80 correlation w Rosenberg self-esteem scale
99
Q

Beaumeister’s critique of self-esteem

A
  • success preceeds changes in se, not other way around
  • argued self-esteem enhancement policies in US likely backfired, only benefit was happiness, also increased aggressivity and bullying
  • self-control and conscientiousness will lead to more success and thus meaningful increases in se
100
Q

Justin Bieber story

A
  • mom suicidal as teen, thinks having wonderful son is gift from god
  • dad had drug issues, left when Justin was a baby
  • seemed kinda sweet as a kid, by 18 was an asshole and very good at winding up adults in room
  • was impulsive and out of control
  • in photos w him, fans cant touch him, talk to him, or look at him
  • probably has 7/9 of DSM5 criteria for narcissistic PD
101
Q

NPI

A
  • Survey Assessment of Narcissism
  • subclinical test (can score high w/o having a PD)
  • average score 15, celebrities 18, justin bieber 30
102
Q

Narcissism and Big 5 traits

A
  • high E and low A
103
Q

Sociometer Theory of Self esteem (Leary)

A
  • se as internal representation of social acceptance and rejection (how popular/highly ranked we feel)
  • most common theory of self-esteem
104
Q

Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan)

A
  • Koestner endorses this
  • healthiest functioning is reflected in not being preoccupied by self-esteem
  • behaving according to true self not a contingent self
105
Q

Key steps in Bieber comeback

A
  • held comedy roast, laughed along (real narcissists can’t make fun of themselves)
  • public apology for arrogant, disrespectful behavior
  • high successful album with serious themes
106
Q

Peter Parker and MJ Big 5 traits (Toby McGuire)

A
  • Peter: lower E, high A, high C, low N
  • MJ: average or higher E, high A, higher N
107
Q

Peter Parker and MJ motives (Toby McGuire)

A

Peter: achievement oriented (spiderman is power motivated)
- MJ: power motivated
- both high on intimacy!

108
Q

Big 3 motives

A
  • achievement incentive (doing well, getting better)
  • need for power (having impact, influence, being noticed)
  • affiliation/intimacy (connecting with others – fear component associated w affiliation)
109
Q

Thematic Apperception Test

A
  • people given 6 images and have to tell story
  • stories coded for content related to each motive
110
Q

McCelland and motives

A
  • motives are not suppressed, just unconscious
  • one of most important things to do is learn ab motives
111
Q

Validity evidence for big 3 motives

A
  • motivation style reflected in behavior
  • ring throwing activity
  • nAch like tasks w 50% chance of success, like feedback, like personal responsibility
  • nPow like to debate, lead, like larger groups
  • nInt like 1-1 interactions
112
Q

nAch and school achievement

A
  • only predicts achievement if class is moderately challenging, involves personal responsibility and feedback!
113
Q

Big 3 motives and occupational preferences

A
  • motives affect what we are drawn to and what we do well at
  • nAch: small business owner, research scientist, salespeople
  • nPow: manager, clergy, do better as leaders
  • nInt: counsellor, mediator
114
Q

What motive are Obama, Trump, and Martha Stewart all high on?

A

power! (Martha is also achievement oriented – great combo for becoming a millionaire)

115
Q

Big 3 motives and interpersonal relationships

A
  • nInt: dyadic interactions with close friends
  • nPow: agentic, assertive style in relations
  • nAch: shared activities that are goal-oriented
116
Q

Twin videos and motives (Rubberband, Sprinkler, Refrigerator)

A
  • Rubberband: achievement
  • Sprinkler: intimacy
  • Refrigerator: power
117
Q

Self-attribution vs implicit measures of motive and Big 5 traits!

A
  • no relation between self-report and implicit measures
  • self-reports linked to conscientiousness
  • affiliation motive might be connected to agreeableness

PSYC 332 (4 decks)

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