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BIOL332 > Lectures 8-10: Structure and Development of Nervous System > Flashcards

Lectures 8-10: Structure and Development of Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is involved in the development of neural precursor cells in neural induction?

A

Gastrulation
Neuroectoderm
Organiser and B-catenin
Wnt signalling

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2
Q

What stages are involved in differentiation into immature neurons and glial cells

A

Notochord
Chordin and noggin
Neurulation
Formation of radial glial cells

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3
Q

What stages are involved in patterning of the nervous system?

A

Anterior-posterior polarity of the neural tube
Wnt signalling pathway
FGF and RA

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4
Q

What stages are involved in migration of immature neurons into their final position?

A

Making of the cerebral cortex
Migration of glial cells
Inside out method
Reelin

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5
Q

What stages are involved in extension of axons into their target areas?

A

Growth cones
Cell adhesion molecules
Semaphorins
Ephrins/ EPH

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6
Q

What stages are involved in formation and modification of synaptic connections?

A

Neuromuscular junction
Elimination of unwanted synapses
Potential disorders

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7
Q

What are the 3 main germ layers?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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8
Q

What does division of zygote produce?

A

Morula

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9
Q

What is the morula contained within?

A

The zone of pellucid

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10
Q

What is the organiser for gastrulation in birds?

A

Hensons node

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11
Q

What is the organiser for gastrulation in mammals?

A

Primitive knot

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12
Q

What is the organiser for gastrulation in amphibians?

A

Spemmans organiser

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13
Q

What is the Nieukwoop centre essential for?

A

Making B-catenin

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14
Q

What signalling regulates B-catenin and development?

A

Wnt

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15
Q

What fate does BMP4 lead to?

A

Epidermal fate

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16
Q

What fate does no BMP4 lead to?

A

Neuronal fate

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17
Q

What does the neural crest give rise to?

A

Peripheral nervous system

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18
Q

What does the neural tube give rise to?

A

The central nervous system

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19
Q

What does the notochord give rise to in higher vertebrate?

A

Vertebraal column

20
Q

What is homophilic adhesion?

A

Epidermis and neural tissue recognise each other being the same

21
Q

What genes are used in he formation of radial glial?

A

FOXG1
HX2
PAX6
EMX2

22
Q

What are the 2 functions of radial glial?

A

Act as stem cell

Act as scaffold

23
Q

What are Wnt inhibitors made by?

A

Dorsal anterior mesoderm

The organiser

24
Q

What regulate HOX expression?

A

FGF, RA and Wnt signalling

25
Q

What are the 6 layers of the mature cerebral cortex?

A 
Molecular layer 
External granular layer
External pyramidal layer
External granular layer
Internal pyramidal layer
Fusiform layer
26
Q

The anterior part of the brain form what 3 things?

A

Hindbrain
Forebrain
Midbrain

27
Q

What does the posterior part of the brain become?

A

The spinal cord

28
Q

What does the hindbrain form?

A

medulla, pons, cerebellum

29
Q

What does the forebrain form?

A

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, white mater

30
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A

Responsible for vision and hearing

31
Q

What manner does the cortical layer form?

A

The inside out sequence

32
Q

What do neural stem cells express during early nervous system development?

A

Nestin

33
Q

When nesting becomes down regulated, what is it replaced with?

A

Cell specific intermediate filaments

34
Q

What does reeling help to do?

A

Regulate processes of neuronal migration and positioning in the developing brain by controlling cell–cell interactions.

35
Q

What is at the leading edge of a neurite?

A

A growth cone

36
Q

What is a neurite?

A

The projection from the cell body

37
Q

What extends for an axon to grow?

A

Filopodia

38
Q

What is filopodia moved by?

A

Actin and myosin

39
Q

What is the backbone of the growth cone reinforced by?

A

Microtubules

40
Q

What is the growth of an axon influenced by?

A

Cell adhesion molecules and substrate adhesion molecules

41
Q

How do axons know where to go?

A

External cues from cell adhesion molecules and chemotropic signals

42
Q

What are the 3 regions of the growing axon?

A

The central domain
Transitional zone
Peripheral domain

43
Q

What is an example of a cell adhesion molecule?

A

N-CAM

44
Q

What is an example of a substrate adhesion molecule?

A

Laminin

45
Q

How does semaphoring guide growth cones?

A

By repulsion

46
Q

Give 2 examples of neural development disorders?

A

Spina bifida

microcephaly

BIOL332 (7 decks)

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