Lectures 8-10: Structure and Development of Nervous System Flashcards
What is involved in the development of neural precursor cells in neural induction?
Gastrulation
Neuroectoderm
Organiser and B-catenin
Wnt signalling
What stages are involved in differentiation into immature neurons and glial cells
Notochord
Chordin and noggin
Neurulation
Formation of radial glial cells
What stages are involved in patterning of the nervous system?
Anterior-posterior polarity of the neural tube
Wnt signalling pathway
FGF and RA
What stages are involved in migration of immature neurons into their final position?
Making of the cerebral cortex
Migration of glial cells
Inside out method
Reelin
What stages are involved in extension of axons into their target areas?
Growth cones
Cell adhesion molecules
Semaphorins
Ephrins/ EPH
What stages are involved in formation and modification of synaptic connections?
Neuromuscular junction
Elimination of unwanted synapses
Potential disorders
What are the 3 main germ layers?
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
What does division of zygote produce?
Morula
What is the morula contained within?
The zone of pellucid
What is the organiser for gastrulation in birds?
Hensons node
What is the organiser for gastrulation in mammals?
Primitive knot
What is the organiser for gastrulation in amphibians?
Spemmans organiser
What is the Nieukwoop centre essential for?
Making B-catenin
What signalling regulates B-catenin and development?
Wnt
What fate does BMP4 lead to?
Epidermal fate
What fate does no BMP4 lead to?
Neuronal fate
What does the neural crest give rise to?
Peripheral nervous system
What does the neural tube give rise to?
The central nervous system
What does the notochord give rise to in higher vertebrate?
Vertebraal column
What is homophilic adhesion?
Epidermis and neural tissue recognise each other being the same
What genes are used in he formation of radial glial?
FOXG1
HX2
PAX6
EMX2
What are the 2 functions of radial glial?
Act as stem cell
Act as scaffold
What are Wnt inhibitors made by?
Dorsal anterior mesoderm
The organiser
What regulate HOX expression?
FGF, RA and Wnt signalling
What are the 6 layers of the mature cerebral cortex?
Molecular layer External granular layer External pyramidal layer External granular layer Internal pyramidal layer Fusiform layer
The anterior part of the brain form what 3 things?
Hindbrain
Forebrain
Midbrain
What does the posterior part of the brain become?
The spinal cord
What does the hindbrain form?
medulla, pons, cerebellum
What does the forebrain form?
Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, white mater
What does the midbrain do?
Responsible for vision and hearing
What manner does the cortical layer form?
The inside out sequence
What do neural stem cells express during early nervous system development?
Nestin
When nesting becomes down regulated, what is it replaced with?
Cell specific intermediate filaments
What does reeling help to do?
Regulate processes of neuronal migration and positioning in the developing brain by controlling cell–cell interactions.
What is at the leading edge of a neurite?
A growth cone
What is a neurite?
The projection from the cell body
What extends for an axon to grow?
Filopodia
What is filopodia moved by?
Actin and myosin
What is the backbone of the growth cone reinforced by?
Microtubules
What is the growth of an axon influenced by?
Cell adhesion molecules and substrate adhesion molecules
How do axons know where to go?
External cues from cell adhesion molecules and chemotropic signals
What are the 3 regions of the growing axon?
The central domain
Transitional zone
Peripheral domain
What is an example of a cell adhesion molecule?
N-CAM
What is an example of a substrate adhesion molecule?
Laminin
How does semaphoring guide growth cones?
By repulsion
Give 2 examples of neural development disorders?
Spina bifida
microcephaly
