Lectures 8-10: Structure and Development of Nervous System

Question 1

What is involved in the development of neural precursor cells in neural induction?

Answer 1

Gastrulation
Neuroectoderm
Organiser and B-catenin
Wnt signalling

Question 2

What stages are involved in differentiation into immature neurons and glial cells

Answer 2

Notochord
Chordin and noggin
Neurulation
Formation of radial glial cells

Question 3

What stages are involved in patterning of the nervous system?

Answer 3

Anterior-posterior polarity of the neural tube
Wnt signalling pathway
FGF and RA

Question 4

What stages are involved in migration of immature neurons into their final position?

Answer 4

Making of the cerebral cortex
Migration of glial cells
Inside out method
Reelin

Question 5

What stages are involved in extension of axons into their target areas?

Answer 5

Growth cones
Cell adhesion molecules
Semaphorins
Ephrins/ EPH

Question 6

What stages are involved in formation and modification of synaptic connections?

Answer 6

Neuromuscular junction
Elimination of unwanted synapses
Potential disorders

Question 7

What are the 3 main germ layers?

Answer 7

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

Question 8

What does division of zygote produce?

Answer 8

Morula

Question 9

What is the morula contained within?

Answer 9

The zone of pellucid

Question 10

What is the organiser for gastrulation in birds?

Answer 10

Hensons node

Question 11

What is the organiser for gastrulation in mammals?

Answer 11

Primitive knot

Question 12

What is the organiser for gastrulation in amphibians?

Answer 12

Spemmans organiser

Question 13

What is the Nieukwoop centre essential for?

Answer 13

Making B-catenin

Question 14

What signalling regulates B-catenin and development?

Answer 14

Wnt

Question 15

What fate does BMP4 lead to?

Answer 15

Epidermal fate

Question 16

What fate does no BMP4 lead to?

Answer 16

Neuronal fate

Question 17

What does the neural crest give rise to?

Answer 17

Peripheral nervous system

Question 18

What does the neural tube give rise to?

Answer 18

The central nervous system

Question 19

What does the notochord give rise to in higher vertebrate?

Answer 19

Vertebraal column

Question 20

What is homophilic adhesion?

Answer 20

Epidermis and neural tissue recognise each other being the same

Question 21

What genes are used in he formation of radial glial?

Answer 21

FOXG1
HX2
PAX6
EMX2

Question 22

What are the 2 functions of radial glial?

Answer 22

Act as stem cell

Act as scaffold

Question 23

What are Wnt inhibitors made by?

Answer 23

Dorsal anterior mesoderm

The organiser

Question 24

What regulate HOX expression?

Answer 24

FGF, RA and Wnt signalling

Question 25

What are the 6 layers of the mature cerebral cortex?

Answer 25

``` Molecular layer External granular layer External pyramidal layer External granular layer Internal pyramidal layer Fusiform layer ```

Question 26

The anterior part of the brain form what 3 things?

Answer 26

Hindbrain Forebrain Midbrain

Question 27

What does the posterior part of the brain become?

Answer 27

The spinal cord

Question 28

What does the hindbrain form?

Answer 28

medulla, pons, cerebellum

Question 29

What does the forebrain form?

Answer 29

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, white mater

Question 30

What does the midbrain do?

Answer 30

Responsible for vision and hearing

Question 31

What manner does the cortical layer form?

Answer 31

The inside out sequence

Question 32

What do neural stem cells express during early nervous system development?

Answer 32

Nestin

Question 33

When nesting becomes down regulated, what is it replaced with?

Answer 33

Cell specific intermediate filaments

Question 34

What does reeling help to do?

Answer 34

Regulate processes of neuronal migration and positioning in the developing brain by controlling cell–cell interactions.

Question 35

What is at the leading edge of a neurite?

Answer 35

A growth cone

Question 36

What is a neurite?

Answer 36

The projection from the cell body

Question 37

What extends for an axon to grow?

Answer 37

Filopodia

Question 38

What is filopodia moved by?

Answer 38

Actin and myosin

Question 39

What is the backbone of the growth cone reinforced by?

Answer 39

Microtubules

Question 40

What is the growth of an axon influenced by?

Answer 40

Cell adhesion molecules and substrate adhesion molecules

Question 41

How do axons know where to go?

Answer 41

External cues from cell adhesion molecules and chemotropic signals

Question 42

What are the 3 regions of the growing axon?

Answer 42

The central domain Transitional zone Peripheral domain

Question 43

What is an example of a cell adhesion molecule?

Answer 43

N-CAM

Question 44

What is an example of a substrate adhesion molecule?

Answer 44

Laminin

Question 45

How does semaphoring guide growth cones?

Answer 45

By repulsion

Question 46

Give 2 examples of neural development disorders?

Answer 46

Spina bifida | microcephaly