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Apologetics > Lectures 7-9 Important Terms > Flashcards

Lectures 7-9 Important Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Kerygma

A

Greek for proclamation

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2
Q

Genre

A

literary form

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3
Q

Autographa

A

original manuscripts

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4
Q

Manuscript

A

a hand-written text

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5
Q

Lector

A

a reader

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6
Q

Transmission

A

passing down of the text through copies

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7
Q

Variants

A

differences

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8
Q

Textual criticism

A

the method that seeks to establish the original reading of the text by studying the manuscripts and assessing the variants

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9
Q

Dead Sea Scrolls

A

a collection of ancient texts (from both BC and AD eras) discovered in caves around Qumran (near the Dead Sea), from 1946-1956; the texts include both biblical manuscripts and non-biblical works, and are of great historical, religious, and linguistic significance

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10
Q

Picture theory

A

a view of language that emphasizes a correspondence between the linguistic communication and the external realities (a correspondence between the linguistic signs and the things signified)

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11
Q

Speech-act theory

A

when language does not picture an external reality but accomplishes a task merely by its utterance

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12
Q

Logical positivism

A

the view that meaningful propositions must either by self-evident statements which are logically true by necessity (analytic statements) or be statements which can be determined through observation or experience (synthetic statements)

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13
Q

Analytic statements

A

self-evident statements which are logically true by necessity

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14
Q

Synthetic statements

A

statements which can be determined through observation or experience

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15
Q

Via negativa

A

the insistence that we can only describe God in “negative” terms

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16
Q

Semantic range

A

a word’s field of possible meanings, within the conventions of the language

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17
Q

Univocal

A

having only one (the same) meaning

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18
Q

Equivocal

A

allowing or employing dissimilar meanings

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19
Q

Analogical

A

expressing a comparison based upon similar features

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20
Q

Kanon

A

originally referred to a rod, a rule, or a standard; came to be applied to the body of books which serve as the Scriptural authority of faith and practice

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21
Q

Francis Schaeffer

A 
a missionary to Europe who became famous after founding the L'Abri community in Switzerland (a Christian retreat center) which primarily targeted young adults who had intellectual and existential questions about the Christian faith.  He studied under Cornelious Van Til, but modified the approach in his own ministry.  Schaeffer also focused upon the defense of full biblical inerrancy.  His works include: 
"The God Who Is There"
"Escape from Reason"
"He is There and He is Not Silent"
"How Should We Then Live?"
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22
Q

Luke 16:31

A

But he said to them, “If they do not hear Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rise from the dead”

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23
Q

But he said to them, “If they do not hear Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rise from the dead”

A

Luke 16:31

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24
Q

Martin Luther

A

Was a leader of the German Reformation. He was a monk whose study of Scripture led him into conflict with the pope. His disagreement became public when he nailed his Ninety-Five Theses, centered upon his opposition to the sale of indulgences. He taught at the University of Wittenberg, translated the Bible into German, and wrote various tractates and hymns (including “A Mighty Fortress is Our God”). He emphasized that salvation is by grace alone through faith alone, and he stressed the authority of the Word of God. In his view, the Gospel was proclaimed in Word and Sacrament (including the practice of infant baptism).

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25
Q

As we experience the devastating hammer of the Law and the sweet salve of the Gospel…

A

they testify and convince of their own divine source and character.

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26
Q

For this reason we also thank God without ceasing, because when you received the word of God which you heard from us, you welcomed it not as the word of men, but as it is in truth, the word of God, which also effectively works in you who believe.

A

1 Thess. 2:13

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27
Q

1 Thess. 2:13

A

For this reason we also thank God without ceasing, because when you received the word of God which you heard from us, you welcomed it not as the word of men, but as it is in truth, the word of God, which also effectively works in you who believe.

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28
Q

The Bible itself is not one book, but…

A

a collection of books

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29
Q

For it is the God who commanded light to shine out of darkness, who has shone in our hearts to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ

A

2 Corinthians 4:6

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30
Q

2 Corinthians 4:6

A

For it is the God who commanded light to shine out of darkness, who has shone in our hearts to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ

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31
Q

Anthony Thiselton

A

is a professor at the University of Nottingham. He is a theologian and philosopher of religion, especially interested in philosophical hermeneutics and Pauline theology. He has written several books on hermeneutics including:
“Hermeneutics: An Introduction”
“New Horizons in Hermeneutics”
“Hermeneutics of Doctrine”

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32
Q

The oak trunk and the maple trunk

A

univocal

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33
Q

The tree trunk and the automobile trunk

A

Equivocal

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34
Q

The tree trunk branching out and the nerve trunk branching out

A

Analogic

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35
Q

For the Word of God is living and powerful, and sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing even to the division of soul and spirit, and of joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart. And there is no creature hidden from His sight, but all things are naked and open to the eyes of Him whom we must give account.

A

Hebrews 4:12-13

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36
Q

Hebrews 4:12-13

A

For the Word of God is living and powerful, and sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing even to the division of soul and spirit, and of joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart. And there is no creature hidden from His sight, but all things are naked and open to the eyes of Him whom we must give account.

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37
Q

We must proclaim biblical truth with clarity, and…

A

we must live it out with consistency

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38
Q

Phenomenological language

A

the description of phenomena as they appear to a human perspective

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39
Q

Approximation

A

a rounded number rather than an exact number

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40
Q

Hermeneutics

A

the science of interpretation

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41
Q

Exegesis

A

the careful interpretation of text (especially in the original language)

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42
Q

Exposition

A

sharing the results of interpretation with others

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43
Q

Hermeneutics of suspicion

A

interpreting a text with a recognition of language as a power game that is used to oppress the marginalized

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44
Q

Hermeneutics of retrieval

A

interpreting a text with an emphasis upon remaining open to the text

45
Q

Regula fidei

A

Latin for “rule of faith”

46
Q

Authorial intent

A

what the writer meant to convey in the text

47
Q

Archaeology

A

the study of human activity in the past through the recovery and analysis of material artifacts that remain

48
Q

Ostracon

A

writing on a potsherd or piece of clay

49
Q

Relief

A

artwork projecting from the flat service or plan on which it is formed

50
Q

Ossuary

A

a container for the burial of human bone; a burial box

51
Q

Demythologization

A

Rudolph Bultmann’s program to peel away the miraculous layers of the Bible (especially the Gospels) to retain a core call to authentic existence

52
Q

Anomaly

A

unusual event (but without a supernatural cause)

53
Q

Miracle

A

an act of God that transcends the regular course of nature, the natural laws of cause and effect

54
Q

Divine providence

A

God’s normal oversight of history through ordinary means

55
Q

Natural laws

A

descriptions of uniform regularity in the natural (or physical) world

56
Q

Synoptic gospels

A

the three canonical Gospels that share a similar structure and much of the same materials (Matthew, Mark & Luke)

57
Q

Wonders

A

a New Testament term used of miracles that emphasizes their awe-inspiring nature

58
Q

Signs

A

a New Testament term used of miracles, emphasizing their witness to or corroboration of God’s message or messenger

59
Q

Ex eventu

A

Latin for “after the event” or “after the fact”

60
Q

Our dispositions, interest, desires, and aversions all affect…

A

how we learn and thus come to ‘know’ things

61
Q

Numerous archaeological discoveries have illuminated…

A

the historical-social-cultural context of narratives found throughout the Bible

62
Q

Inasmuch as many have taken in hand to set in order a narrative of those things which have been fulfilled among us, just as those who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word delivered them to us, it seemed good to me also, having had perfect understand of all things from the very first, to write to you an orderly account, most excellent Theophilus, that you may know the certainty of those things in which you were instructed.

A

Luke 1:1-4

63
Q

Luke 1:1-4

A

Inasmuch as many have taken in hand to set in order a narrative of those things which have been fulfilled among us, just as those who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word delivered them to us, it seemed good to me also, having had perfect understand of all things from the very first, to write to you an orderly account, most excellent Theophilus, that you may know the certainty of those things in which you were instructed.

64
Q

Josephus

A

was a first-century Jewish historian who fought against the Roman forces in the First Roman-Jewish War, and was taken captive by the troops of Vespasian, who later became the emperor. Josephus was later granted freedom and ROman citizenship, and wrote under imperial patronage. His most important works were:
“The Jewish War”
“Antiquities of the Jews”
“Against Apion” - a defense of Judaism as an ancient religious philosophy and way of life.

65
Q

Rudolf Bultmann

A

was a professor of NT at the University of Marburg. He was a leader of German liberal Christianity. He argued that the NT Gospels are hopelessly unhistorical and what really matters is an existential trust in God apart from historical facts concerning Jesus’ life and teachings. He proposed “form criticism” and a program of “demythologization” by which the pre-scientific “myths” of the Bible would be stripped away. In his reductionism only the simple fact of Christ crucified was needed for Christian faith.

66
Q

David Hum

A

was a Scottish philosopher known especially for his empiricism and skepticism. He challenged the theistic argument from design, and he argued against the reality and knowability of miracles. His irreligious views cost him faculty placements at the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow, although he found employment as a librarian for some time. He also wrote a best-selling, six-volume “History of England”

67
Q

If miracles happened regularly, they could not be identified as miracles (which are events differing from the regular course of events). One can only identify the …

A

extraordinary in contrast with the ordinary

68
Q

Truly the signs of an apostle were accomplished among you with all perseverance, in signs and wonders and mighty deeds

A

2 Corinthians 12:12

69
Q

2 Corinthians 12:12

A

Truly the signs of an apostle were accomplished among you with all perseverance, in signs and wonders and mighty deeds

70
Q

How shall we escape, if we neglect so great salvation; which at the first began to be spoken by the Lord, and was confirmed unto us by them that heard him; God also bearing them witness, both with signs and wonders, and with divers, miracles, and gifts of the Holy Spirit, according to his own will?

A

Hebrews 2:3-4

71
Q

Hebrews 2:3-4

A

How shall we escape, if we neglect so great salvation; which at the first began to be spoken by the Lord, and was confirmed unto us by them that heard him; God also bearing them witness, both with signs and wonders, and with divers, miracles, and gifts of the Holy Spirit, according to his own will?

72
Q

Christ-myth theory

A

the view that Jesus Christ never existed as an actual human person in the first century.

73
Q

Testimonium Flavianum

A

the paragraph describing Jesus as found in the Antiquities of the Jews in Josephus (Titus Flavius Josephus)

74
Q

Talmud

A

a collection of Jewish law and tradition (consisting of the Mishnah and Gemara), found in Palestinian and Babylonian editions

75
Q

Agrapha

A

Jesus material appearing outside of the Gospels

76
Q

Gospel

A

Good news

77
Q

Synoptic gospels

A

the three canonical Gospels that share a similar structure and much of the same materials (Matthew, Mark and Luke)

78
Q

Apocrypha

A

extra books not appearing in the canon

79
Q

Gnosticism

A

religious movements in the early Christian centuries that espoused a “secret knowledge” or gnosis; they were characterized by a strong dualism, a downplaying of the material world and physical body, and esoteric wisdom.

80
Q

Crucifixion

A

execution upon a cross

81
Q

Resuscitation

A

when a dead individual is revived to the previous, customary level of existence

82
Q

Resurrected state

A

when an individual is raised to an entirely different kind of existence, in which the body is no longer susceptible to mortality.

83
Q

Minimal facts

A

those data concerning the events after Jesus’ death that the majority of critical scholars concede

84
Q

Stolen body

A

the theory that the disciples stole the corpse of Jesus

85
Q

Abduction

A

the process of inference to the best explanation

86
Q

High Christology

A

describing Jesus Christ in a divine manner, one that goes beyond being merely a great human

87
Q

Tactius

A

was a Roman senator and historian. His “Annals” covered the history of Rome from 14 BC to AD 69, and his “Histories” covered the subsequent era leading up to AD 96. He is considered to be one of the finest representatives of the Silver Age of Latin literature. Book 15 of his “Annals” includes a description of Nero’s persecution of Christians, in which Tactius mentions the crucifixion of Jesus under Pontius Pilate.

88
Q

And we are witnesses of all things which He did both in the land of the Jews and in Jerusalem, whom they killed by hanging on a tree. Him God raised up on the third day, and showed Him openly, not to all the people, but to witnesses chosen before by God, even to us who ate and drank with Him after He arose from the dead.

A

Acts 10:39-41

89
Q

Acts 10:39-41

A

And we are witnesses of all things which He did both in the land of the Jews and in Jerusalem, whom they killed by hanging on a tree. Him God raised up on the third day, and showed Him openly, not to all the people, but to witnesses chosen before by God, even to us who ate and drank with Him after He arose from the dead.

90
Q

And so it was, when Jesus had ended these sayings, that the people were astonished at His teaching, for He taught them as one having authority, and not as the scribes

A

Matthew 7:28-29

91
Q

Matthew 7:28-29

A

And so it was, when Jesus had ended these sayings, that the people were astonished at His teaching, for He taught them as one having authority, and not as the scribesM

92
Q

If Jesus was simply a feel-good purveyor of warm fuzzy for everyone, he would not have been…

A

hated by authorities and executed by the powers of his day.

93
Q

Without raising an arm in battle, without leaving behind a single written work, Jesus of Nazareth, a Palestinian peasant, …

A

changed human history forever

94
Q

And if Christ is not risen, then our preaching is in vain, and your faith is also in vain

A

1 Corinthians 15:14

95
Q

1 Corinthians 15:14

A

And if Christ is not risen, then our preaching is in vain, and your faith is also in vain1

96
Q

Gary Habermas

A

is a recognized expert on the resurrection of Jesus. He has also written extensively on the nature of doubt. He holds a PhD. in the History of Philosophy of Religion from Michigan State University and is Distinguished Professor of Apologetics and Philosophy at Liberty University.

97
Q

Individuals will die for what they believe to be true, although they may actually be false. Individuals do not, however, normally die for what …

A

they know to be a lie

98
Q

THe roots of these early kerygmatic materials as embedded in Paul would have chronologically preceded the writing of the Gospels. Thus Paul becomes an early, …

A

important testimony to the resurrection of Jesus Christ.

99
Q

In everyday life, we often come to “know” something through testimony given by others.

A

TRUE

100
Q

The Dead Sea Scroll discoveries of the twentieth century have illustrated the care with which the New Testament documents were copied.

A

TRUE

101
Q

The term “Trinity” appears in the Scriptures.

A

FALSE

102
Q

Which book of the Bible thoroughly describes the vanity and meaninglessness of life from a perspective “under the sun”?

A

Ecclesiastes

103
Q

Governments can never legislate morality.

A

FALSE

104
Q

Jesus accepted worship within the New Testament.

A

TRUE

105
Q

Mere duration of existence does not make existence meaningful.

A

TRUE

106
Q

The context of an action can affect the moral nature of the action.

A

TRUE

107
Q

Desire and duty can perfectly coalesce.

A

TRUE

108
Q

One can only challenge human laws as unjust if there is another, transcendent source of obligation.

A

TRUE

Apologetics (2 decks)

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