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Apologetics > Lectures 10-12 Important Terms > Flashcards

Lectures 10-12 Important Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Council of Nicea

A

a church meeting in AD 325 to discuss (among other things) the full deity of Jesus Christ

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2
Q

Theos

A

Greek for God

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3
Q

Son of Man

A

a Messianic title connected with the awesome figure described in Daniel 7:13

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4
Q

Monotheism

A

the belief in the existence of one God

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5
Q

Shema

A

the traditional Jewish prayer found in Deuteronomy 6:4: “Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God is one”

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6
Q

Trilemma

A

the apologetic argument that Jesus must have been either a liar, lunatic, or the Lord; other options have been proposed beyond these three alternatives.

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7
Q

Hypostatic union

A

Jesus existing as one person with two natures (divine & human)

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8
Q

Incarnation

A

literally “in the flesh;” Jesus becoming fully human through his supernatural conception.

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9
Q

Kenosis

A

literally “emptying:” Jesus’ letting go of divine privilege in becoming a human servant

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10
Q

Impeccability

A

not being able to sin; incapable of sinning

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11
Q

Trinity

A

The one God eternally existing as three distinct persons, yet one in essence and nature

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12
Q

Guru

A

a spiritual teacher, as found in Eastern religions

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13
Q

Pantheism

A

the belief that God is everything; God is synonymous with the sum total of reality or the universe itself

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14
Q

Prima facie

A

at first face, on first encounter

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15
Q

Problem of the one and the many

A

the tension between unity and diversity; how does one find unity in the midst of plurality? How does one respect the plurality of particularity while addressing the necessity of unity?

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16
Q

Modus operandi

A

manner of working

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17
Q

Religions pluralis

A

sometimes used of the coexistence of multiple religions in a culture; sometimes used of the stance that religions should not make truth claims against each other, or that the many world religions are all valid approaches to ultimate reality.

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18
Q

Universalism

A

the stance that all persons will eventually be saved or receive eternal life

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19
Q

Religious particularism (religious exclusivism)

A

the stance that one religions is uniquely true and uniquely salvific

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20
Q

Golden Rule

A

“Do unto others as you would have them do unto you;” a similar tenet is found in various religions (sometimes in the negative or “silver” form: “Don’t do unto others what you don’t want done to you”)

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21
Q

Inductive logic

A

reasoning from a set of specific facts or multiple, particular instances to a general conclusion

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22
Q

Deductive logic

A

arguing from accepted premises to a necessary conclusion

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23
Q

“Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit”

A

Matthew 28:19

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24
Q

Matthew 28:19

A

“Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit”

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25
Q

For in Him dwells all the fullness of the Godhead bodily

A

Colossians 2:10

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26
Q

Colossians 2:10

A

For in Him dwells all the fullness of the Godhead bodily

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27
Q

Porphyry

A

Was a Neoplatonic philosopher who was trained under the famous Plotinus. He was an early example of biblical criticism, and one of the most influential opponents of early Christianity.

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28
Q

Nor is there salvation in any other, for there is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved

A

Acts 4:12

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29
Q

Acts 4:12

A

Nor is there salvation in any other, for there is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved

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30
Q

Douglas Grrothuis

A

Is a professor of philosophy at Denver Seminary. Became famous through his critiques of New Age spirituality, and his “Truth Decay” was a response to cultural shifts associated with postmodern relativism.

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31
Q

Axiology

A

The study of values

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32
Q

Aesthetics

A

the study of beauty and art

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33
Q

Ethics

A

the study of moral evaluation, right and wrong

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34
Q

Teleological

A

relating to goal or purpose

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35
Q

Extrinsic value

A

an object being valued for reasons outside itself

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36
Q

Instrumental value

A

an object being valued as a means to end

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37
Q

Sentimental value

A

an object being valued because of emotional attachment

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38
Q

Intrinsic value

A

possessing inherent value; being valuable in and of itself

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39
Q

Practical imperative

A

Immanuel Kant’s maxim that no human should be used as a means to an end

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40
Q

Imago Dei

A

latin for image of God

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41
Q

Existentialism

A

the school of philosophy that emphasizes that “existence” (our human condition as passionate, freely choosing subjects) thames precedence of essence (what we are). Humans are ushers into existence and are forced to make choices, and this decision-making in turn forms the nature of our own selves.

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42
Q

Bad faith

A

Jean-Paul Sarte’s term for allowing others to form us and our values

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43
Q

Authenticity

A

Sarte’s term for taking responsibility in the midst of our rather absurd existence, and determining our choices and therefore ourselves (the selves we will become) in human freedom

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44
Q

Altruism

A

unselfish concern for others

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45
Q

Postmodernism

A

a reaction to modernity in the arts, literature, and philosophy

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46
Q

Anti-foundational

A

the belief that no fundamental belief or principle grounds knowledge or inquiry

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47
Q

Scientific optimism

A

the belief that scientific knowledge will make the world better and better

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48
Q

Metanarrative

A

a comprehensive narrative or accounting of experience, history, and the world

49
Q

Septuagint

A

the Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures

50
Q

Meaning of Life

A

the philosophical question concerning the ultimate significance of life or existence

51
Q

Nihilism

A

the belief that there is no ultimate meaning to the universe, human existence, or my life in particular

52
Q

Maya

A

the illusion of reality of the sensory world and one’s own distinct material self, leading to a false dichotomy between the self and the Universe (in the view of Eastern religiosity)

53
Q

Atman

A

a concept of “soul” or the principle of life, as in Hinduism

54
Q

Brahman

A

the unchanging reality (primal source and ultimate goal) amidst and beyond the world, as in Hinduism

55
Q

Anatman

A

the concept of “no-soul” as in Buddhism; the doctrine that there is no permanent underlying substance in humans of a “soul”

56
Q

Optimistic humanism

A

the belief that life has meaning as it labors toward the progress of the human race as a whole

57
Q

Subjectivism

A

the view that we create our own meaning to life

58
Q

Facticities

A

Sartre’s term for the concrete details that form the background by which human freedom is limited

59
Q

Summum bonum

A

the highest good; in traditional Christian theology, the eternal enjoyment of God, when joyful pleasure and moral duty are united as one

60
Q

Proportion

A

in the visual arts, the aspect of ration in elements of design

61
Q

Dual love command

A

the command to love God fully and to love one’s neighbor as oneself

62
Q

Jean-Paul Sartre

A

French existentialist philosopher and public intellectual. He challenged cultural assumptions, opposed conformity (bad faith), and emphasized the freedom of authenticity of choosing how to make oneself. Religiously, he adopted atheistic approach, and embraced Marxism and later anarchism. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, but refused to accept it.

63
Q

Friedrich Nietzsche

A

German philosopher who at the age of 24 was one of the youngest tenured professors of Classics on record. He proclaimed “God is Dead” and strongly opposed Christian morality.

64
Q

Finally, brethren, whatever things are true, whatever things are noble, whiter things are just, whatever things are pure, whatever things are lovely, whatever things are of good report, if there is any virtue and if there is anything praiseworthy - meditate on these things

A

Philippians 4:8

65
Q

Philippians 4:8

A

Finally, brethren, whatever things are true, whatever things are noble, whiter things are just, whatever things are pure, whatever things are lovely, whatever things are of good report, if there is any virtue and if there is anything praiseworthy - meditate on these things

66
Q

For our light affliction, which is but for a moment, is working for us a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory, while we do not look at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not seen. For the things which are seen are temporary, but the things which are not seen are eternal.

A

2 Corinthians 4:17-18

67
Q

2 Corinthians 4:17-18

A

For our light affliction, which is but for a moment, is working for us a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory, while we do not look at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not seen. For the things which are seen are temporary, but the things which are not seen are eternal.

68
Q

By this all will know that you are My disciples, if you have love for one another

A

John 13:35

69
Q

John 13:35

A

By this all will know that you are My disciples, if you have love for one another

70
Q

Metaphysics

A

the study of reality

71
Q

Cosmology

A

the study of the origins and nature of the universe

72
Q

Logic

A

the study of sound reasoning and argumentation

73
Q

Epistemology

A

the study of knowledge

74
Q

Aesthetics

A

the study of beauty and art

75
Q

Ethics

A

the study of moral evaluation, right and wrong

76
Q

Descriptive ethics (comparative ethics)

A

simply describes the ethical standards or customs of a people grow, without making moral judgement

77
Q

Normative ethics (prescriptive ethics)

A

the make of moral judgements, explaining the way things should be, and determining a moral course of action

78
Q

Applied ethics

A

joining moral theory to the examination of particular fields

79
Q

Metaethics

A

asking deeper, underlying questions or morality, such as the nature of ethical terms, properties, and judgements

80
Q

Emotivism

A

the view that moral judgements express how we feel about a course of action

81
Q

Prescriptivism

A

the view that moral judgements function as pieces of advice or imperatives without necessarily being grounded in the truth of reality (such that a condemned action really is wrong)

82
Q

Subjectivist theory of morality

A

the view that the ethical nature of moral judgements depends upon what people thing, what’s in our minds

83
Q

Objectivist theory of morality

A

the belief that there is a moral standard or norms outside of humans

84
Q

Divine command theory

A

the view that moral standards and norms are found in God’s commands

85
Q

Natural law theory

A

the view that universal principles are embedded in the nature of humans and the natural world as discoverable by reason

86
Q

Progressive revelation

A

God has dealt differently with differing groups through time, so that later Scriptures provide fuller revelation

87
Q

Etiquette

A

A code of behavior arising from social convection

88
Q

Civil disobedience

A

non-violent protest against the perceived injustice of a law or policy, as a form of public statement

89
Q

Conscientious objection

A

purposeful disobedience to a law perceived to be unjust or immoral, not necessarily seeking to effect a change in the laws, and therefore not necessarily seeking to make a “public” statement

90
Q

Consequentialism

A

looking at the outcomes of an action to determine its morality

91
Q

Altruism

A

unselfish concern for others

92
Q

Utilitarianism

A

a system of ethics focusing upon “the greatest good for the greatest number of people”

93
Q

Non-conquentialism

A

not basing the morality of an action upon its results

94
Q

Deontological ethics

A

a system of ethics maintain that one should always do one’s duty, in spite of consequences; within the system, obligations derive from reason ing leading to specific rules of conduct rather than from the maximization of some good.

95
Q

Intuitionism

A

the belief that duties arise from a direct, immediate moral awareness

96
Q

Hedonism

A

the pursuit of pleasure

97
Q

Problem of evil

A

the difficulty in espousing God’s existence in the face of the evil and suffering in the world

98
Q

Omnipotence

A

all-powerful

99
Q

Omniscience

A

all-knowing

100
Q

Omnibenevolence

A

all-good, perfectly good

101
Q

Finite godism

A

a god exists, but is lacking in perfections; in some forms, God is limited in His power and is not able to eradicate (or even control) evil

102
Q

Process theology

A

the view that one of God’s essential attributes is to be developed along with the world; God is fully involved with and affected by the processes of the world in that he is temporal, mutable, and passible in some respects

103
Q

Dualism

A

the belief that there are two supreme beings, one good and one evil, and they are vying for control of the cosmos

104
Q

Theodicy

A

a justification of the existence of God in the face of the problem of evil, by explaining the actual reasons why God allows evil

105
Q

Defense

A

in the case of the problem of evil, putting forth reasons that are possible but not necessarily exact nor comprehensive in an actual, given case

106
Q

Moral evil

A

evil involving the guilt of personal agents, such as murder, rape, and slander

107
Q

Natural evil

A

evil in the physical world apart from the direct action of personal agents, such as natural disasters, birth defects, and disease

108
Q

Proto-evangelium

A

the “first gospel;” the promise of a Redeemer implicit in Genesis 3:15

109
Q

Garrett DeWeese

A

a former missionary to Europe, is now a Professor of Philosophy and Philosophical Theology at Talbot School of Theology (Biola University). He is the author of “Philosophy Made Slightly Less Difficult” and “Doing Philosophy as a Christian.”

110
Q

But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, long-suffering, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control. Against such there is no law

A

Galatians 5:22-23

111
Q

Galatians 5:22-23

A

But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, long-suffering, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control. Against such there is no law

112
Q

Nevertheless we, according to His promise, look for new heavens and a new earth in which righteousness dwells

A

2 Peter 3:13

113
Q

2 Peter 3:13

A

Nevertheless we, according to His promise, look for new heavens and a new earth in which righteousness dwells

114
Q

I have been crucified with Christ; it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me; and the life which I now life in the flesh I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave Himself for me.

A

Galatians 2:20

115
Q

Galatians 2:20

A

I have been crucified with Christ; it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me; and the life which I now life in the flesh I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave Himself for me.

116
Q

John Whitcomb

A

taught theology and Old Testament studies at Grace Theological Seminary. He received his graduate degrees at Grace after attending Princeton University for his undergraduate studies. Along with Henry Morris, he co-authored “The Genesis Flood.” He now serves as president of Whitcomb Ministries

117
Q

The “Problem of Evil”
Premise A: If God is all-knowing, all good, and all powerful, he would know about evil, and He would want to and could end evil.
Premise B: There is evil.

A

Conclusion: Therefore, such a God does not exist

118
Q

The “Problem of Evil” Reframed
Premise A: If God is all-knowing, all-powerful, and perfectly good, He would know how to deal with evil; and He would want to and could end evil in the best way and time.
Premise B: There is evil now

A

Conclusion: Therefore, since God has not yet eradicated evil as a contemporary problem, He will do so in His all-knowing, all-powerful, and perfectly good way and time in the future.

Apologetics (2 decks)

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