Lectures 67 and 68

Question 1

The enteric nervous system of the gut is controlled primarily by what portion of the visceral motor system?

Answer 1

PNS

Question 2

Skeletal muscle is innervated by motor neurons whose bodies are found in what horns?

Answer 2

anterior/ventral

Question 3

Smooth muscle is innervated by

Answer 3

a 2 neuron chain with ganglia

Question 4

SNS preganglionic neurons originate

Answer 4

in the lateral horns of the spinal cord

Question 5

PNS preganglionic bodies originate

Answer 5

in cranial nerves, mostly vagus (X)

Question 6

Overall control and integration of ANS function is performed by the

Answer 6

hypothalamus (and various brainstem nuclei)

Question 7

Which division of the ANS is only activated in fight or flight?

Answer 7

sympathetic

Question 8

The sympathetic division is often activated by

Answer 8

fear - this is our emergency escape system

Question 9

Which division of the ANS is activated most of the time?

Answer 9

parasympathetic (PNS)

Question 10

Which division promotes digestion and minimization of energy use?

Answer 10

parasympathetic (PNS)

Question 11

What is the difference between the SNS and PNS in terms of branching fibers?

Answer 11

the SNS requires more branching in order to produce a massive, coordinated response

Question 12

Preganglionic SNS cell bodies are located in the lateral horns from what levels?

Answer 12

thoracic T1 to Lumbar T2

Question 13

The superior extension of sympathetic chain glanglia allow for innervation of

Answer 13

visceral effectors in the head (think salivary glands, lacrimal glands)

Question 14

The SNS typically has what length of pre and postganglionic axons?

Answer 14

short preganglionic, long postganglionic

Question 15

The PNS typically has what length of pre and postganglionic axons?

Answer 15

long preganglionic, short postganglionic

Question 16

Which type of ganglionic axons are typically myelinated?

Answer 16

pre

Question 17

Which type of ganglionic axons are typically unmyelinated?

Answer 17

post

Question 18

Which type of ganglionic axons are extensively branched for fight or flight response?

Answer 18

both pre and post ganglionic axons of the sympathetic division

Question 19

The somatic nervous system uses acetylcholine acting on what type of receptors?

Answer 19

nicotinic

Question 20

The PNS division of the ANS uses acetylcholine acting on what kind of receptors?

Answer 20

principally nicotinic, but also act via muscarinic GPRs

Question 21

The SNS division of the ANS uses acetylcholine acting with what?

Answer 21

nicotinic, but also norepinephrine (think fight or flight) via alpha or beta receptors

Question 22

In the SNS division of the ANS, where is the acetylcholine acting on nicotinic receptors?

Answer 22

the adrenal medulla

Question 23

In the SNS division of the ANS, where is NE/Epi acting via alpha or beta receptors?

Answer 23

in the bloodstream toward effector organ

Question 24

Sympathetic innervation of sweat glands is

Answer 24

cholinergic

Question 25

Postganglionic SNS neurons are mostly

Answer 25

noradrenergic (NA)

Question 26

The oculomotor cranial nerve (III) serves the

Answer 26

eye and effects lens shape and pupil diameter

Question 27

The facial nerve (VII) serves

Answer 27

several glands in the head including lacrimal, palantine, submandibular and sublingual

Question 28

The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) serves

Answer 28

the parotid salivary glands

Question 29

The vagus cranial nerve (X) serves

Answer 29

the rest of the body - heart, lungs, liver, GI

Question 30

The principal neurotransmitter at all ANS ganglia is

Answer 30

ACh acting on nAChRs

Question 31

PNS cotransmitters include

Answer 31

peptides and NO

Question 32

The heart acts by which cholinergic receptor type?

Answer 32

M2

Question 33

The heart acts by which adrenergic receptor type?

Answer 33

Beta 1

Question 34

What is the parasympathetic effect of the sinoatrial node in the heart?

Answer 34

decrease in heartrate

Question 35

Gastric acid secretion acts by what cholinergic receptor?

Answer 35

M1

Question 36

The sympathetic effect in the pupil is

Answer 36

dilatation

Question 37

The sympathetic effect in the ciliary muscle is

Answer 37

relaxation

Question 38

Basal activity of the SNS and PNS is known as

Answer 38

tone

Question 39

When SNS is inhibited and PNS is excited, what is the effect on cardiac output?

Answer 39

decreased; this occurs when pressure or stretch is too great relating to blood pressure and heart rate

Question 40

What kind of reflex triggers defecation?

Answer 40

efferent

Question 41

Micturition refers to

Answer 41

control of urination

Question 42

An erection is primarily due to activity in which division?

Answer 42

PNS (ejaculation is opposite)

Question 43

Noredrenaline and adrenaline may only survive for

Answer 43

1 to 2 minutes before degradation

Question 44

Synthetic sympathomimetics (acting as NE and Epi) may last for

Answer 44

up to 2 hours

Question 45

How do amphetamines act indirectly?

Answer 45

by triggering NA release from SNS terminals (think ephedrine makes you hyper)

Question 46

Which division do ganglion blocking drugs effect?

Answer 46

both the SNS and PNS - both utilize ACh acting on nicotinic receptors