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BSI Exam 3 flash cards > Lectures 39 & 40 > Flashcards

Lectures 39 & 40 Flashcards

1
Q

How can ketoacidosis cause lactic acidosis?

A

Acidosis can block binding of oxygen to hemoglobin and hemoglobin to tissues.

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2
Q

During high intensity exercise, what are your muscles using for energy?

A

Glycogen and blood glucose

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3
Q

What is happening to epinephrine during exercise?

A

It is increased

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4
Q

What is happening to insulin during exercise?

A

it is decreased

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5
Q

What is happening to glucagon during exercise?

A

it is increased

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6
Q

What is regulating glycogen breakdown in the muscle tissue during high intensity exercise?

A

Epinephrine, AMP

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7
Q

When insulin is decreasing, how is glucose uptake increasing in the skeletal muscle during exercise?

A

Skeletal muscle has two pools of glut transporters. One is regulated by insulin and the other one responds to contraction (doesn’t respond to insulin).

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8
Q

What is the definition of a free radical?

A

a molecule with an unpaired electron

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9
Q

How do ROS/RNS damage macromolecules?

A

The can attach to macromolecules, they can also act as an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent

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10
Q

How are most of the ROS/RNS produced in the body?

A

In the mitochondria of most cells via the ETC

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11
Q

What is the function of superoxide dismutase?

A

Converts O2.- (superoxide) to H2O2

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12
Q

What are free radicals also called?

A

ROS or RNS

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13
Q

A free radical is always an ROS/RNS, but is an ROS/RNS always a free radical?

A

No

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14
Q

What are two examples of ROS/RNS that are reactive and damaging to the cell but are not technically free radicals because they do NOT have an unpaired electron?

A 
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-)
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15
Q

What do ROS/RNS do? (2 things)

A

Act as signaling molecules and damage other molecules

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16
Q

How are ROS/RNS produced?

A

In the mitochondria during aerobic respiration

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17
Q

Where is nitric oxide and peroxynitrite produced?

A

in the mitochondria

18
Q

Nitric oxide is produced via ______ ____________ _________.

A

Nitric Oxide synthase (NOS)

19
Q

Nitric oxide and superoxide can react to form what?

A

peroxynitrite

20
Q

What can WBC produce?

A

superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, & hypochlorous acid (aka bleach)

21
Q

What is the function of ROS?

A

kill bacteria and viruses, but they can leak out of the WBC and damage surrounding healthy tissue

22
Q

Name 5 environmental/external sources which can stimulate ROS/RNS production in cells?

A

UV light, ionizing radiation, smoking, air pollution, medications

23
Q

What are the 2 medications that were discussed that can stimulate ROS/RNS production in cells?

A

acetaminophen and doxorubicin

24
Q

How do cells protect against ROS/RNS?

A

antioxidants

25
Q

What is an antioxidant?

A

scavenger of ROS/RNS & when it is present in small amounts will inhibit the oxidation of the bulk

26
Q

What are the 3 enzymatic antioxidants?

A

superoxide dismutase, catalase, & glutathione peroxidase (GPX)

27
Q

What are the 3 non-enzymatic antioxidants?

A

Glutathione (GSH), Coenzyme Q, Alpha-lipoic acid

28
Q

What is glutathione and what does it consist of?

A

It is a tripeptide (cyteine, glutamate, glycine)

29
Q

What does glutathione act as?

A

an electron donor to neutralize free radicals

30
Q

What catalyzes the reactions where GSH is conjugated to chemicals to neutralize them?

A

glutathione-s-transferase

31
Q

What ratio is often used to assess the level of oxidative stress in the cell?

A

GSH/GSSG

32
Q

Is Coenzyme Q synthesized by the body?

A

yes

33
Q

Is alpha-lipoic acid synthesized by the body?

A

yes

34
Q

What are 3 characteristics of alpha-lipoic acid?

A
  1. water & lipid soluble
  2. can protect against free radicals in all parts of the cell
  3. enhance the function of vitamin C and E
35
Q

What are 4 antioxidants that were discussed that are NOT synthesized by the body?

A

vitamin C, vitamin E, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), flavonoids

36
Q

What is vitamin C soluble in?

A

water

37
Q

What is vitamin E soluble in?

A

lipids

38
Q

What does vitamin E protect against?

A

free radical damage in membranes

39
Q

NAC acts a donor of what?

A

donor of cysteine for GSH biosynthesis

40
Q

What is oxidative stress?

A

term used to describe an imbalance between ROS/RNS production and antioxidant status

41
Q

What is the net result of oxidative stress?

A

oxidative damage to macromolecules

42
Q

What are the 3 ways that ROS/RNS can cause or contribute to disease progression?

A
  1. damage DNA
  2. damage proteins (oxidation or nitration)
  3. damage lipids (lipid peroxidation)

BSI Exam 3 flash cards (5 decks)

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