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cellular and molecular biology > Lectures 19-20 > Flashcards

Lectures 19-20 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a genome?

A

the total genetic information (or _DNA sequence__) carried by a cell or
an organism

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2
Q

What is genomics?

A

biological studies utilizing the entire __DNA sequence__
information of an organism(s)

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3
Q

What does the recombinant DNA technique construct?

A

genomic & cDNA libraries

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4
Q

cDNAs are the complimentary DNAs of what?

A

mRNAs synthesized by reverse transcriptase enzyme from virus

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5
Q

What is the transcriptome?

A

the entire complement of __RNAs__ produced by a cell

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6
Q

What is the proteome?

A

The entire complement of proteins produced by a cell

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7
Q

What is proteomics?

A

the systematic study of the amounts, modifications,
interactions, localization, and functions of all or subsets of proteins at the whole-
organisms, tissue, cellular and subcellular levels.

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8
Q

What can replicate single-stranded cDNA into double-stranded cDNA (ds cDNA)?

A

DNA polymerase

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9
Q

Who developed DNA sequencing?

A

Frederick Sanger

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of DNA sequencing?

A
  1. Same concept as DNA replication
  2. Use _di-deoxynucleotides __ to stop the replication
  3. Only one strand is used as the template
  4. Use _1__primer instead of two as in PCR
  5. Set up 4 reactions with regular nucleotides and a single dideoxynucleotide.
  6. Generate DNA fragments of different lengths
  7. Run the products on gel and read the sequence from bottom to top of gel
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11
Q

What is automated DNA sequencing?

A
  1. Use __fluorescence__ labeled dideoxynucleotides
  2. Reaction is done in __1_ tube.
  3. Data are read and assembled by computer
  4. Sequencers provide accurate sequences up to __1000__ bp long.
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12
Q

What are the procedures of the genome sequencing project?

A
  1. Generate recombinant plasmids containing DNA fragments (clones)
  2. use automatic sequencer to obtain nucleotide sequences
  3. assembly of DNA clones by actual __sequences___
    2
  4. _annotation__ – to identify genes and their locations
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13
Q

How much bp does the human genome contain?

A

3.2 billion

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14
Q

How many base pairs encode proteins?

A

1%

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15
Q

How many genes are in the human body?

A

30,000, which are unequally distributed

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16
Q

How many proteins are compared to genes?

A

300,000 to 30,000 by alternative splicing

17
Q

What does the genomic experiment FISH used for? (uses labeled DNA probe)

A
  1. to locate a DNA fragment or gene
  2. to examine chromosome structures
18
Q

What does the genomic experiment microarray used for? (uses flourescence-labeled RNA or cDNA probes)

A
  1. to examine the expression profiles, i.e. __transcriptome____.
  2. to compare transcriptional regulation or differences between tissues or
    conditions.
19
Q

What is the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A

primary growth

20
Q

What is the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

DNA synthesis

21
Q

What is the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

A

second growth

22
Q

What is the M phase of the cell cycle?

A

mitosis (nuclear division) & cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division)

23
Q

What is the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

A

resting state (or quiescence) – neurons and skeletal muscle cellls

24
Q

What are the major cdks and cyclins at S-Cdk complex?

A

cyclin A pairs with Cdk2

25
Q

What are the major cdks and cyclins at M-Cdk complex?

A

cyclin B pairs with Cdk1

26
Q

What are the major cdks and cyclins at G1-Cdk complex?

A

cyclin D pairs with Cdk4

27
Q

What are the characteristics of cyclin?

A
  1. expressed in a __cyclic__ fashion (Fig. 18-6)
  2. no enzyme activity
  3. bind and __activate__ Cdks
28
Q

What makes up Cdk?

A
  1. bound by cyclin
  2. activated by phosphorylation then dephosphorylation (more below)
29
Q

activation cycle example

A

M-Cdk
a. Cyclin B binds and activates Cdk1 inhibitory phosphorylation of M-Cdk 
b. Cdc25 activates M-Cdk by dephosphorylation positive feedback phosphorylates
more Cdc25  activate _APC__  complete M phase

30
Q

deactivation cycle example

A

APC  __ubiquitylation__ of cyclin B  degradation of cyclin B
 de-activation of M-Cdk

31
Q

What does DNA damage inhibit?

A

G1/S Cdk and S-Cdk

32
Q

DNA damage inhibition cycle

A

DNA damage  kinases  phosphorylate __p53__ transcription of p21
_p21__ protein binds and inhibits G1/S-Cdk and S-Cdk

33
Q

What are the two types of cell death?

A

necrosis___ & __apoptosis__ (programmed cell death)

34
Q

What is apoptosis carried out by?

A

family of proteases called caspases

35
Q

What are procaspases activated through?

A

cleavage and assembly

36
Q

What are the main proteins that regulate the activation of procaspases?

A

members of the Bcl2 family

37
Q

What are the two members of the Bcl2 family used in apoptosis?

A

Bax and Bak

38
Q

Bax and Bak form channels on the mitochondria releasing what?

A

cytochrome C___ which binds to adaptor protein and then activates the
first caspase, __procaspase 9____.

cellular and molecular biology (4 decks)

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