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cellular and molecular biology > Lectures 13-15 > Flashcards

Lectures 13-15 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 components of Nucleotides?

A
  1. Fine-carbon sugar
  2. Nitriginous Base - 5th carbon is outside of ring
  3. Phosphate
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2
Q

Base + Sugar =

A

nucleoside (adenosine)

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3
Q

Two types of sugar (5C)

A

Ribose and deoxyribose

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4
Q

Base + Sugar + phosphate =

A

nucleotide, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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5
Q

Purine

A

Has two rings (Adenine (A), and Guanine (G))

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6
Q

Pyramine

A

Only one ring (Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), and Thymine (T))

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7
Q

What base pairs make up DNA?

A

AGCT

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8
Q

What base-pairs makeup RNA?

A

AGCU

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9
Q

How many bonds in A with T?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

How many bonds in G with C?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

How long is a helical turn?

A

3.4nm long with 10bp

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12
Q

How long is a DNA strand (chromosome)?

A

about 2in

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13
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

An individuals complete set of chromosomes

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14
Q

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

A

the two alleles for each trait separate during gamete formation

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15
Q

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

A

alleles for different traits assort independently

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16
Q

Assumptions of Mendel’s Model of Inheritance

A

-each trait is controlled by a single gene
-each gene has only 2 alleles
-there is a clear dominant-recessive relationship between the alleles

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17
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

occurs when multiple genes are involved in controlling the phenotype of a trait
these traits show continuous variation and are referred to as quantitative traits
ex; human height

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18
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

The dominant allele is not fully dominant
a cross between two heterozygous parents results in __1:2:1____ ratio (instead
of 3:1)

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19
Q

Codominance:

A

each allele of the gene expressed and determines the phenotypes
1. human blood types is determined by the __sugar__ molecules on the surface
of red blood cells

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20
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

may be more than 2 alleles for a gene in a population
Human ABO bloodtype

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21
Q

Environmental Influence

A

temperature-sensitive allele of genes

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22
Q

What enzyme in Himalayan rabbits and siamese cats allows pigment production at a temp below 33 degrees?

A

Tyrosinase

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23
Q

Deamination causes what mutations?

A

Point mutations

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24
Q

Depurination causes what mutations?

A

deletion

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25
Q

What makes a T-T dimer?

A

covalent bond between two Thyamines

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26
Q

What happens when UV is too high?

A

accidental double-strand break. Repair leads to deletion

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27
Q

What is base paring in DNA replication?

A
  1. Both strands are used as templates
  2. semiconservative
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28
Q

What is replication origins?

A

The positions at which double-stranded DNA is open for replication

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29
Q

About how many base pairs are replication origins?

A

about 100

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30
Q

What kind of proteins do sequences attract?

A

initiator proteins

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31
Q

What kinds of base pairs are replication origins made of?

A

A-T rich stretches of DNA

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32
Q

How many replication origins are in Eukaryotes?

A

around 10,000

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33
Q

How many replication forks are formed at each replication origin?

A

Two

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34
Q

In what direction can replication forks move?

A

In both directions

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35
Q

At what rate do replication forks move in humans and bacteria?

A

Bacteria: 1000bp/sec
Humans: 100bp/sec

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36
Q

Do leading strands grow continuously or discontinuously?

A

continuously

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37
Q

Do lagging strands grow continuously or discontinuously?

A

discontinuously - Okazaki fragments

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38
Q

What does helicase do?

A

unzips the double helix ahead

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39
Q

What do double-strand DNA binding proteins do?

A

prevent DNA from re-forming base pairs

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40
Q

What does DNA primase do?

A

makes primers (about 10 base pairs long) for DNA replication

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41
Q

What does DNA polymerase III do?

A

adds nucleotides to the __3’__ end of a growing DNA
DNA synthesis goes uni-directionally, i.e. __5’3’___

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42
Q

What does DNA polymerase I do?

A

replaces the RNA primers with DNA

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43
Q

What does DNA ligase do?

A

joins the Okazaki fragments

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44
Q

What are the ends of chromosomes called?

A

Telomeres

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45
Q

What repetitive 6-bp DNA sequences are at Telomeres?

A

TTAGGG

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46
Q

How long are telomeres?

A

around 10-15 kb long (become shorter after each DNA replication

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47
Q

What makes up the telomerase complex?

A

reverse transcriptase and telomere RNA

48
Q

What fixes replication mistakes?

A

_3’5’ exonuclease ____activity of DNA polymerase III

49
Q

What can unrepaired mutations do?

A

cause diseases such as sickle cell anemia

50
Q

What is the function of restriction enzymes or restriction endonucleases?

A

found in bacteria and archaea that provides a defense mechanism against invading viruses

51
Q

Where does restriction enzyme cut double-stranded DNA?

A

Specific recognition sequences known as restriction sites

52
Q

What is the palindromic sequence for EcoRI?

A

GAATTC

53
Q

What does a zig-zag cut generate?

A

overhang (protruding) ends -by most res

54
Q

What does DNA ligase do?

A

joins DNA fragments in the presence of ATP

55
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A plasmid is an extra chromosomal DNA molecule which is capable of replicating
independently from the chromosomal DNA.

56
Q

What is an Ori?

A

A replication origin on a plasmid

57
Q

What are multiple restriction sites in a gene called?

A

LacZ

58
Q

What are artificial chromosomes made for?

A

larger insert and large-scale analysis of genome

59
Q

4 steps of DNA cloning

A
  1. DNA cleavage
  2. Ligation of the gene into the vector
  3. Transformation
  4. Screening
60
Q

What are the gene fragment and vectors digested by?

A

Restriction enzyme

61
Q

Ligation of the gene into the vector is done by:

A

DNA ligase in the presence of ATP. Now the recombinant plasmid is made

62
Q

What is transformation?

A

introducing the recombinant plasmid into bacteria

63
Q

What is an antibiotic used in screening?

A

Ampicillin - clones that contain the plasmid will grow in the medium with amplicillin

64
Q

What is the substrate for LacZ called?

A

X-gal - clones that have the gene fragment inserted in the LacZ gene will turn White

65
Q

What does 94C do in the thermocycler program?

A

denature the DNA template

66
Q

What does 55C do in the thermocycler program?

A

primers to anneal to the template

67
Q

What does 70C do in the thermocycler program?

A

for DNA synthesis (primer extension)

68
Q

What is the central dogma of gene expression?

A

Transcription and translation

69
Q

What is the chemical structure of RNA?

A
  1. ribose instead of deoxyribose
  2. U instead of T; U pairs with A
70
Q

What is the base pairing rule of RNA?

A
  1. Read and derive the complimentary sequences
  2. only one strand of the DNA is used
71
Q

What is the name of the template strand?

A

antisense strand

72
Q

What is the name of the coding strand?

A

sense strand

73
Q

What is the function of mRNAs?

A

code for proteins made by rRNAs

74
Q

What is the function of rRNAs?

A

form part of the structure of the ribosome

75
Q

What is the function of tRNAs?

A

carry amino acids for protein synthesis

76
Q

What is the promoter of transcription?

A

-35 and -10 sequences

77
Q

What is the terminator of transcription?

A

stretch of GC that forms into a __hair-pin__ structure

78
Q

RNA poly I is for:

A

rRNAs

79
Q

RNA poly II is for:

A

mRNAs and small nuclear RNAs

80
Q

RNA poly III is for:

A

tRNAs and small RNAs

81
Q

What does the TFIID complex do?

A

first complex to bind to DNA - TBP: TATA Box binding protein (binds to the promoter)

82
Q

What dies TFIIH do?

A

phosphorylates RNA polymerase II and initiates transcription

83
Q

What does monocistronic mean?

A

one mRNA for one peptide

84
Q

RNA modifications

A
  1. 5 prime cap (7-methylguanosine, 5’-5’ triphosphate bridge)
  2. 3 prime adenylations (poly-A tail) (150-250 As)
  3. Splicing
85
Q

What does spliceosome contain?

A

small nuclear RNAs and proteins

86
Q

What is the intermediate structure in RNA splicing?

A

lariat

87
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

combinations of different exons from the same primary
RNA to generate a tissue-specific versions of proteins

88
Q

Redundancy

A

most amino acids are encoded by multiple codons

89
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

90
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

91
Q

Tetracycline

A

blocks binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to A site.

92
Q

Cycloheximide

A

blocks translocation of ribosome

93
Q

Exocytosis

A

ER->Golgi-> transport vesicle-> cell surface
Use COP-coated & clathrin-coated vesicles

94
Q

Lysosome Pathway

A

ER->Golgi->endosome-> lysosome
Use COP-coated & clathrin-coated vesicles

95
Q

Endocytosis

A

cell surface->endosome->lysosome
Use clathrin-coated vesicles

96
Q

ER signal sequence

A

eight or more hydrophobic amino acids

97
Q

ER signal sequence aided by:

A
  1. Signal recognition particle (SRP)
  2. SRP receptor embedded in membrane
98
Q

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

A
  1. Cargo molecules bind to cargo receptors at the transport signals
  2. __adaptins___ select cargo molecules for transport by trapping
    the cargo receptors.
  3. clathrin-coated pit
  4. __dynamins_ assemble as a ring around the neck of each coated pit.
  5. dynamin ring constricts & pinches off the vesicle.
  6. vesicles shed the coat
99
Q

Phagocytosis

A

phagosome to engulf an entire cell, e.g. bacteria or dead cell

100
Q

Autography

A

form autophagosomes to engulf organelles

101
Q

anticodon

A

3-nucleotide sequence on tRNA complementary to codon in mRNA

102
Q

Where are amino acids attached to on the tRNA?

A

the OH end of the 3 prime
corresponds to anticodon

103
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

enzymes attach specific amino acid to
corresponding tRNA

104
Q

Transformation

A

DNA uptake by bacteria

105
Q

Transfection

A

DNA uptake by animal (Eukaryotic) cells

106
Q

Transduction

A

injection of DNA into host cells by virus

107
Q

Conjugation

A

DNA transfer between two cells via direct contact

108
Q

What enzyme does LacZ encode?

A

B-galactosidase

109
Q

3 components of a plasmid

A
  1. the origin of replication
  2. selectable marker (easily identifiable)
  3. Multiple Cloning Sites (LacZ)
110
Q

Materials required for PCR

A

template, L&R primers, dNTPs, Mg, Taq DNA polymerase

111
Q

Deamination leads to

A

point mutation

112
Q

Depurination leads to

A

deletion

113
Q

Exceptions of Mendel Law

A
  1. Polygenic Inheritance
  2. Incomplete Dominace
  3. Codominance
  4. Multiple Alleles
  5. Environmental Influence
  6. Traits determined by sex genes
114
Q

Peptidyl transferase

A

builds peptide bonds during RNA translation

115
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis

A

the enzyme has a binding site for amino acid and tRNA
-linkage of amino acid to tRNA through hydrolysis (releases 2 phosphates)

cellular and molecular biology (4 decks)

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