lectures 16&17

Question 1

vertebral column curvatures

Answer 1

• 2 positive (posterior): thoracic and sacrum.coccyx
• 2 negative (anterior): cervical and lumbar
• -positive–bridges/arches, very strong
• -negative–very weak

**we have more problems in our secondary negative curvatures (cervical and lumbar)

Question 2

abnormal curvatures

Answer 2

• scoliosis–LATERAL curvature of spine. Can displace pelvic or pectoral girdle
• kyphosis–Hunchback/widow’s hump. compresses thorax, forces head forward. often with osteoporosis
• lordosis–swayback, accentuated lumbo-sacral curvature. more common in women

Question 3

fractures

Answer 3

• stress fractures (trauma) and pathological fractures (from disease like osteoporosis)
• bone heals itself though remodeling as it is connective tissue
• as we age, it becomes more difficult to heal our bones. takes longer or isn’t healed completely

Question 4

fracture types

Answer 4

• nondisplaced: aka hairline. bone stays in position and fracture does not extend fully across the bone
• displaced: bone completely fractured through. position of broken ends are displaced by muscle contraction. requires reduction.
• greenstick: bone bends before it breaks. occurs in children
• comminuted: multiple fractures producing fragments. from blunt trauma. requires surgery to reduce and remove isolated pieces and to replace lost matrix.

Question 5

Joints (arthroses)

Answer 5

• any point where two bones meet.
• study of joints= arthrology
• synarthrosis–joint that is relatively inflexible, formed by a thick layer of fibrous connective tissue holding bones together
• amphiarthrosis–joint that is slightly flexible and formed by cartilage.
• diathrosis– flexible joint, aka synovial joint b/c joint contains a synovial cavity btwn the opposing bones

Question 6

joint structural classification

Answer 6

• fibrous joint: space btwn bones is narrow and filled by collagen fibers
• cartilaginous joint: space btwn bones is wider and filled with cartilage
• synovial joint: hyaline cartlage covers the articular bone surfaces and fluid filled cavity sits between them–synovial cavity.

Question 7

(fibrous) synarthrotic joints

Answer 7

• sutures-form between the flat bones of cranium
• gomphosis-forms btwn tooth root and surrounding bone socket–some flexibility, why teeth can wiggle.
• syndesmosis-found in proximal ends of radius and ulna, and proximal end of tibia and fibula. flexibility depends on length of collagen fibers involved.

Question 8

(fibrous) amphiarthrotic joints

Answer 8

• synchondrosis: bones bound by hyaline cartilage. immature epiphyseal discs and attachment of first rib to sternum
• symphysis: bones bound by fibrocartilage–pubic symphysis and invertebral discs

Question 9

diarthrotic joints

Answer 9

• ball and socket joint–360 degrees range of motion–head of humerus and femur
• saddle joint–moves in two planes at right angles, effectively 360 degrees. proximal head of first metacarpal (thumb) and sternoclavicular joint
• hinge joint–most common diarthrotic joint. one plane of movement; phalanges, knee, elbow
• condylar joint–moves in two planes at right angles. similar to ball and socket but more restricted. metacarpophalangeal (fingers) and radiocarpal (wrist) joint.
• planar joint–aka gliding joint. can move slightly in any direction; intercarpalar and intertarsalar and intervertebral facets
• pivot joints–bones rotate in place with respect to each other. radioulnar (most flexible), and atlantoaxial joint.

Question 10

functional classification of diarthrotic joints

Answer 10

• nonaxial–allow free motion, but not around a central access. ex. planar joint
• uniaxial–allow motion around one axis. ex. hinge and pivot joint
• biaxial–around 2 axis. ex. saddle and condylar
• multiaxial–3 or more axis. ex. ball and socket

Question 11

movements of diarthroses

Answer 11

• flexion
• extension
• hyperextension
• abduction
• adduction
• hyperadduction
• elevation
• depression
• protraction
• retraction
• circumduction
• rotation
• supination
• pronation

Question 12

joint pathology

Answer 12

• osteoarthritis: inflammation and eventual calcification and/or fusion of a diarthrotic joint from WEAR and TEAR
• Rheumatoid arthritis: inflammation of soft tissue of joint, swelling and partially immobilizing it. chronic, progressive. results in ankylosis (extreme stiffening) of joint.
• bursitis: inflam. of the bursa
• sprain: rupturing of ligament or tendon or both around joint w/o fracture