Lectures 14, 15, 16

Question 1

How many chambers are there in an amphibian heart?

Answer 1

2 atria and one ventricle

Question 2

What does the spiral valve in amphibian hearts do?

Answer 2

Directs oxygenated blood entering ventricle from left artrium

Question 3

What is the fold in the middle of the ventricle called in reptiles?

Answer 3

The interventricular septum

Question 4

What does the interventricular septum do?

Answer 4

Makes the ventricle into two chambers (still technically one), when the ventricle contracts the septum will separate off the two side but only partial separation

Question 5

Where does the right atrium receive blood from?

Answer 5

The tissues (deoxygenated)

Question 6

Where does the left atrium receive blood from?

Answer 6

The lungs

Question 7

Give examples of 4 major respiratory pigments

Answer 7

. Haemoglobin
. Haemerythrin
. Haemocyanin
. Chlorocruorins

Question 8

What colour is haemoglobin and what animals is it present in? What is the major chemical in it?

Answer 8

Goes from blue- red when oxygenated
Fe is the major chemical
Is in. Most phyla, including all vertebrates

Question 9

What colour does haemerythrin go when oxygenated. What is the major chemical involved? What animals is it found in?

Answer 9

Colourless yo reddish violet
Fe is the major chemical
Sipunculid worms, Branchiopoda, priapulida

Question 10

What colour does haemocyanin go when oxygenated? What is the major element in it? What animals is it found in?

Answer 10

Colourless to blue
Cu
Arthropods and molluscs

Question 11

What colour is chlorocruorins? What is the major element involved? What animals if it present in?

Answer 11

Always green
Fe
Fan worms and feather worms (Annelida; Polychaeta, sabellidae)

Question 12

What is responsible for the sigmoid shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve?

Answer 12

The binding of 1 or 2 oxygen molecules to the respiratory pigment changes the shape of the molecule (haemoglobin) which increases its affinity for oxygen. The change in shape makes it more difficult for the last oxygen to bind me this causing the shape of the curve (s-shaped)

Question 13

Describe what happens in the Bohr shift

Answer 13

. Respiring tissues release CO2 and decrease pH
. Causes a shift in dissociation curve- Bohr shift
. Moves cute to right- increases unloading and enhances O2 delivery
. (Extremely common in respiratory pigments)

Question 14

What is the root shift?

Answer 14

In teleost fish the blood pH affects the capacity for oxygen of the blood. Acidity decreases maximum capacity for O2. Shifts the offloading and reduces the capability of the haemoglobin to hold onto the oxygen. So will offload more oxygen

Question 15

What problems do diving animals encounter?

Answer 15

. Limited air supply when foraging
. Cold water and cold prey
. Patchy food supply
. Limited foraging time

Question 16

What are the limiting factors for diving animals?

Answer 16

. When submerged most air-breathing vertebrates can only use the oxygen stored within the body to fuel their metabolism
. The metabolic rate of the animal determines how long those oxygen stores will last

Question 17

What are the two species used to research diving?

Answer 17

The emperor penguin and the Weddell seal (both Antarctic animals and both about able to dive through an ice hole)

Question 18

Where is oxygen stored when an animal dives?

Answer 18

In the respiratory system-lungs (air)
Circulatory system- blood (haemoglobin)
Tissues- muscles (myoglobin)