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Animal Physiology > Lecture 11, 12 And 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 11, 12 And 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Define hypoxia

A

Low levels of oxygen

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2
Q

Define normoxia

A

Normal levels of oxygen

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3
Q

Define hyperoxia

A

High levels of oxygen

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4
Q

Define anoxia

A

No oxygen

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5
Q

What does respiration refer to?

A

The sum of the processes that accomplished the movement of oxygen from the environment to the cell and the removal of carbon dioxide

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6
Q

What are the two components to respiration?

A

Internal or cellular respiration ‘true respiration’

External respiration or respiratory has exchange

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7
Q

What is air composed of?

A

79% nitrogen and 21% oxygen

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8
Q

What is the air pressure at sea level?

A

101 kpa

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9
Q

Give some diffusion enhancements

A

. High diffusion coefficients (high permeability)
. A low diffusion distance (thin epithelial- making the barrier thin)
. Large SA
. Vascularisation or bathed in coelomic fluids
. Converting the gas into a non-diffusible for-uses special respiratory proteins e.g. haemoglobin
(So no longer has a partial pressure so you have increased that partial pressure difference)

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10
Q

What is the trouble with external gills or external evaginations?

A

They need to be supported

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11
Q

What are the two main contributions of bulk transport?

A

. By passes diffusion

. Enhances gas gradient by moving fluids with different gas contents

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12
Q

Give an example of an aquatic animal that has a tidal ventilation respiratory system

A

Sea cucumbers

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13
Q

What is ram ventilation?

A

When the fish simply opens its mouth and the water flows over (doesn’t pump)

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14
Q

What kind of ventilation do lamprey use?

A

When feeding uses tidal ventilation

When free swimming between hosts water flows into mouth and out of gills

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15
Q

What is increased SA related to?

A

The activity of the animal

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16
Q

Respiration surface must be kept moist. So what must animals do?

A

. Remain in moist areas

. Have covered or fully internal structures (doesn’t have to be kept moist)

17
Q

How have lung fish developed a way to extract oxygen from air?

A

Gulp it- expands its buckle cavity and air is drawn in (oxygen levels can drop in water suddenly)

18
Q

What how frogs breath? What is a problem with this method?

A

The buccopharyngeal cavity is contracted this focuses air into the lungs. The problem is that the frog can only breath when its mouth and nose are closed which is a problem when eating

19
Q

How do reptiles breath?

A

Air is sucked into the lungs by the phagocytic cavity, this sets up a negative pressure and air is moved in. (They can breath and eat at the same time)

20
Q

Describe what happens in inhalation

A 
. Diaphragm contracts 
. Thoracic cavity expands
. Intrapleural pressure becomes negative 
. Lungs expand 
. Air enters
21
Q

Describe what happens in exhalation

A 
. Diaphragm relaxes 
. Thoracic cavity contracts 
. Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative 
. Lung contract
. Gases in lung expelled
22
Q

Why are elephants about to swim?

A

Because they have layers of connective tissue that hold the lung together. They have connective tissue that are able to move against each other as well. So, they are able to expand their lungs without damaging them

23
Q

What is pneumatization?

A

Air sacs penetrate viscera and many bones

24
Q

Which animals are examples of open systems?

A

Arthropods, molluscs, crustaceans

25
Q

What animals show closed systems?

A

Oligochaete and Annelida, octopus and squid

26
Q

Describe a vertebrate muscular heart

A

. Pumps the blood around the body
. Consists of multiple chambers
. Thin auricle or atria
. Thick ventricle

27
Q

What is the systemic circulation system?

A

To and from the body tissues
Ideally high flow rates
And therefore high pressure

28
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation system?

A

To and from the lungs
Ideally high flow rates
Has to be low pressure

29
Q

Describe a fish heart

A

Tube-like
Associated valves
4- chambers

30
Q

What are the 4 chambers of a fish heart called?

A

Sinus venomous
Atrium
Ventricle
Conus arteriosus

31
Q

Describe the sinus venosus chamber of a fish heart

A

Thin walled venous chamber

Receives blood from: duct of Cuvier, coronary veins, hepatic veins

32
Q

Describe the atrium chamber of a fish heart

A

Large and thin walled

1st chamber: initial acceleration of blood flow

33
Q

Describe the ventricle chamber of a fish heart

A

2nd gambler: main propulsive force for cardiac flow.
Pumps into conus artriosus- continuous with aorta.
Chambers separated by values

34
Q

Describe the conus arteeiosus chamber of a fish heart

A

Short in body fish and amphibians
Not found in adult amniotes
Capacitance vessel: smooths flow of blood to gills.
Very elastic- smooths changes in pressure when heart beats and increases pressure

Animal Physiology (6 decks)

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