LECTURES 13-20

Question 1

UNDERMATCHING

Answer 1

When the log reinforcer ratio is varied the animal’s choice changes less than strict matching would predict

Question 2

BIAS

Answer 2

Over all log reinforcer ratios, there are more B1 responses than predicted by strict matching

Question 3

BAUM (1974)

Answer 3

Generalized Matching Law

Log(B1/B2) = a log(R1/R2) + log c

Question 4

If sensitivity is less than 1?

Answer 4

Undermatching

Question 5

If sensitivity is greater than 1?

Answer 5

Overmatching

Question 6

If log c is greater than 0?

Answer 6

Bias toward alternative 1

Question 7

If log c is less than 0?

Answer 7

Bias toward alternative 2

Question 8

If sensitivity is 1 and log c is 0?

Answer 8

Strict matching

Question 9

If sensitivity is 1 and log c is NOT 0?

Answer 9

Biased matching

Question 10

If sensitivity is 1 and log c is less than 0?

Answer 10

Biased undermatching

Question 11

ALSOP & ELLIFFE (1988)

Answer 11

6 pigeons, 5 concurrent VI VI schedules. GML fitted data well. All birds showed undermatching and bias, and a higher sensitivity to time than response.

Question 12

SCHROEDER & HOLLAND (1969)

Answer 12

Without a change over delay, reinforcers on one alternative will affect responses on the other

Question 13

MILLER, SAUNDERS & BOURLAND (1980)

Answer 13

B1: lined yellow key, reinforced on VI
Changeover key is red
B2: lined yellow key of different orientation, reinforced at a different rate
Condition 1: lines separated by 45 degrees, pigeons were able to discriminate easily
Condition 2: lines separated by 15 degrees, discriminated much less easily
Condition 3: B1=B2, still discriminated - win stay bias - went off reinforcer rate

Question 14

HOLLARD & DAVISON (1971)

Answer 14

B1 - left key, 3s food
B2 - right key, 15s electrical brain stimulation
Varied reinforcer ratio, found that the birds showed a bias to the food over EBS

Question 15

TREVETT, DAVISON & WILLIAMS (1972)

Answer 15

Found that the sensitivities were not significantly different for concurrent VI FI vs concurrent VI VI

Question 16

ELIFFE, DAVISON & LANDON (2008)

Answer 16

Reinforcer magnitude - varied both reinforcer rate and magnitude, found that sensitivity to rate was highest when the magnitudes were equal, and sensitivity to magnitude was highest when the rates were equal.

Question 17

INDIFFERENCE POINT

Answer 17

When the larger, later reinforcer has been devalued to equal the smaller, sooner reinforcer.

Question 18

PHYLOGENETIC CONTINUITY

Answer 18

The idea that there is a link from the simplest animals all the way up to the most complex, and that similar principles influence behaviour in humans and other animals.

Question 19

CONCEPT FORMATION

Answer 19

A form of stimulus control - animals learn to respond to a large set of stimuli in the same way provided they share a common feature.

Question 20

HERRNSTEIN & LOVELAND (1964)

Answer 20

Multiple VI 60s EXT trial, 80 different photographic slides, trying to teach concept of person. Positive instances included people and negative instances did not.
Found that the pigeons responded more to the positive instances, although this could have been due to responding to the contingencies not the concept.

Question 21

HERRNSTEIN, LOVELAND & CABLE (1964)

Answer 21

Three different concepts of tree, water and specific person. Gave novel slides in the test to account for contingencies. Showed better evidence for concept formation but still could have been influenced by the reinforcers.

Question 22

EMERGENT RELATIONS

Answer 22

Relations that we hope to see as a consequence of the trained ones but that we never train directly.

Question 23

EQUIVALENCE CLASS

Answer 23

A stimulus group that exhibits reflexivity, symmetry and transitivity in the context of conditional discriminations.

Question 24

A –> B and B–> C is called?

Answer 24

Linear series training

Question 25

A–> B and A–> C is called?

Answer 25

One to many training, sample is always A

Question 26

A–> B and C–> B is called?

Answer 26

Many to one training, comparison is always B

Question 27

SIGMAN AND CRESSON (1973)

Answer 27

OTM training to produce equivalence relations between 20 pictures.
A - names read out
B - pictures
C - names written down

Trained A –> B and A –> C and through testing found that B –> C and C –> B relations emerged.

They also found D - names spoken aloud by child, and found that when shown a picture of a cat or the word cat they would choose the correct corresponding thing as well as say it out loud. They had learnt to read.

Question 28

CONDITIONAL DISCRIMINATION

Answer 28

Symbolic matching to sample - the sample provided becomes a symbol for what comparison should be chosen - the correct choice response is conditional on the sample.

Question 29

MCCARTHY AND DAVISON (1980)

Answer 29

Pigeons - samples were centre key durations.
S1: lit for 5 seconds - left key correct
S2: lit for 30 seconds - right key correct
then hard discrimination
S1: lit for 20 seconds - left key correct
S2: lit for 30 seconds - right key correct

bias toward Bw after S1
bias toward Bz after S2

Question 30

DAVISON AND TUSTIN (1978)

Answer 30

If S1 and S2 are indiscriminable, then choice after S1 and S2 should be exactly the same

Question 31

Log d

Answer 31

Describes the effect of the stimuli - discriminability or the stimulus bias

Question 32

What four things can happen in an SDT

Answer 32

Hit, Miss, False alarm, Correct rejection

Question 33

log d = log sq root BwBz/BxBy

Answer 33

Point estimate of discriminability - estimates the value of log d that we would get if we did a complete variation of the reinforcer ratio Rw/Rz. Also known as a stimulus function and an isobias.

Question 34

SPP

Answer 34

Signal presentation probability

Question 35

MCCARTHY AND DAVISON (1979)

Answer 35

One held SPP constant and varied the reinforcer ratio
The other held the reinforcer ratio constant at 1:1 and varied SPP

Reinforcer ratio produced a bias but SPP did not

Question 36

DAVISON AND MCCARTHY (1980)

Answer 36

Pigeons, MTS, samples were centre key durations of 5s and 10s. Correct responses reinforced with an SPP of 0.7 - 70% of Bw and Bz responses were reinforced. Introduced reinforcement to error P = 0.1 - 0.9, only showed reduction in accuracy at 0.4. Shows that humans and animals cease to respond appropriately with increasing likelihood of the incorrect response being reinforced.