LECTURES 13-20 Flashcards
UNDERMATCHING
When the log reinforcer ratio is varied the animal’s choice changes less than strict matching would predict
BIAS
Over all log reinforcer ratios, there are more B1 responses than predicted by strict matching
BAUM (1974)
Generalized Matching Law
Log(B1/B2) = a log(R1/R2) + log c
If sensitivity is less than 1?
Undermatching
If sensitivity is greater than 1?
Overmatching
If log c is greater than 0?
Bias toward alternative 1
If log c is less than 0?
Bias toward alternative 2
If sensitivity is 1 and log c is 0?
Strict matching
If sensitivity is 1 and log c is NOT 0?
Biased matching
If sensitivity is 1 and log c is less than 0?
Biased undermatching
ALSOP & ELLIFFE (1988)
6 pigeons, 5 concurrent VI VI schedules. GML fitted data well. All birds showed undermatching and bias, and a higher sensitivity to time than response.
SCHROEDER & HOLLAND (1969)
Without a change over delay, reinforcers on one alternative will affect responses on the other
MILLER, SAUNDERS & BOURLAND (1980)
B1: lined yellow key, reinforced on VI
Changeover key is red
B2: lined yellow key of different orientation, reinforced at a different rate
Condition 1: lines separated by 45 degrees, pigeons were able to discriminate easily
Condition 2: lines separated by 15 degrees, discriminated much less easily
Condition 3: B1=B2, still discriminated - win stay bias - went off reinforcer rate
HOLLARD & DAVISON (1971)
B1 - left key, 3s food
B2 - right key, 15s electrical brain stimulation
Varied reinforcer ratio, found that the birds showed a bias to the food over EBS
TREVETT, DAVISON & WILLIAMS (1972)
Found that the sensitivities were not significantly different for concurrent VI FI vs concurrent VI VI
ELIFFE, DAVISON & LANDON (2008)
Reinforcer magnitude - varied both reinforcer rate and magnitude, found that sensitivity to rate was highest when the magnitudes were equal, and sensitivity to magnitude was highest when the rates were equal.
INDIFFERENCE POINT
When the larger, later reinforcer has been devalued to equal the smaller, sooner reinforcer.
PHYLOGENETIC CONTINUITY
The idea that there is a link from the simplest animals all the way up to the most complex, and that similar principles influence behaviour in humans and other animals.
CONCEPT FORMATION
A form of stimulus control - animals learn to respond to a large set of stimuli in the same way provided they share a common feature.
HERRNSTEIN & LOVELAND (1964)
Multiple VI 60s EXT trial, 80 different photographic slides, trying to teach concept of person. Positive instances included people and negative instances did not.
Found that the pigeons responded more to the positive instances, although this could have been due to responding to the contingencies not the concept.
HERRNSTEIN, LOVELAND & CABLE (1964)
Three different concepts of tree, water and specific person. Gave novel slides in the test to account for contingencies. Showed better evidence for concept formation but still could have been influenced by the reinforcers.
EMERGENT RELATIONS
Relations that we hope to see as a consequence of the trained ones but that we never train directly.
EQUIVALENCE CLASS
A stimulus group that exhibits reflexivity, symmetry and transitivity in the context of conditional discriminations.
A –> B and B–> C is called?
Linear series training