LECTURES 1-6 Flashcards
LAW OF EFFECT
“When a modifiable neural connection is made and is accompanied by a satisfying state of affairs, the strength of the connection is increased. If the connection is made and is followed by an annoying state of affairs, its strength is decreased.”
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
Presentation of a favourable consequence following a response, leading to a increase in behaviour frequency
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
Removal of an aversive event following a response leading to an increase in behaviour frequency
POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
Presentation of an unfavourable consequence following an event leading to reduction in behaviour frequency
NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
Removal of appetitive event following a response leading to reduction in behaviour frequency
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Response - consequence learning
Results in a change in behaviour due to the relation between behaviour and consequence
THREE TERM CONTINGENCY
Antecedent –> Behaviour –> Consequence
- The discriminated operant
ADVENTITIOUS REINFORCEMENT
Accidental or chance pairings between a response and reinforcement
SUPERSTITIOUS BEHAVIOUR
The animal will behave as if the response has the causal effect of producing reinforcement
SKINNER (1948)
Periodic food presentations produced repeated behaviour that differed across pigeons
NEURINGER 1 (1970)
Response-dependent followed by response-independent food produced sustained responding
EXTINCTION
No reinforcers provided for any response, designed to avoid any new learning.
BRUNER & REVUSKY (1961)
Non-exclusive responding with one response-dependent option among inactive options
ANTECEDENT STIMULI
Things in the environment that suggest what behaviours will be likely to result in reinforcement
Stimuli that are present immediately before or during the behaviour
MORSE AND SKINNER (1957)
Proved superstitious stimulus control
KILLEEN (1977)
Reported causing food presentations when cost was low and payoff was high. Concluded that superstitious behaviour is adaptive.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Respondent/Pavlovian. Repeated pairings of two stimuli eventually cause the response that was initially elicited by the second stimulus to be elicited by the first stimulus alone.
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
That which automatically elicits a response
UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE
Hard-wired response automatically elicited by the US
NEUTRAL STIMULUS
That which does not elicit the UR
CONDITIONED STIMULUS
The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus when it elicits the UR on its own
CONDITIONED RESPONSE
The UR becomes the CR when it is elicited by the CS alone
Measures of the strength of a CR
CR amplitude, CR latency and CR probability
CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION
Aversive event as the US, suppresses ongoing behaviour
TASTE-AVERSION LEARNING
US - injection
UR - illness
CS - taste of food
CR - aversion of food
ACQUISITION
With repeated pairings of the CS and US, probability that CS alone will produce the CR increases
DISINHIBITION
Sudden reinstatement of the CR even near completion of extinction due to an interruption
CONDITIONED INHIBITION
- Train: tone –> food –> salivation
- Train: tone + light –> no food
- Test: tone –> salivation
- Test: tone + light –> no salivation
- Train: touch –> food –> salivation
- Test: touch + light –> no salivation
The light is acting as a conditioned inhibitor
STIMULUS GENERALIZATION
The process of applying the same behaviour to stimuli that appear similar to the trained stimulus
SIMULTANEOUS CONDITIONING
CS and US begin at the same time
SHORT-DELAY CONDITIONING
CS is presented less than one second before the US
LONG-DELAY CONDITIONING
The CS is presented over a second before the US
TRACE CONDITIONING
CS turns off before the US begins
BACKWARD CONDITIONING
CS is presented after the US
MISBEHAVIOUR
Provides an example of the interaction between three primary influences on behaviour
- evolutionary history
- learning history
- current environment
