Lectures 11-18 Flashcards
1
Q
Iliopsoas:
1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?(2)
A
- Anterior lumbar vertebrae (iliac fossa)
- Medial, proximal femur
- Hip flexion by bringing the knee up AND by bringing the trunk straight and downwards
2
Q
Which two muscles is the iliopsoas made up of?
A
Psoas major (from the abdomen) Iliacus (from the iliac fossa)
3
Q
What does the iliopsoas do?
A
It pulls on the lumbar vertebrae and the pelvis, tilting anteriorly
4
Q
Stron abs help stabilize the ________
A
Psoas major
5
Q
Name the muscles moving the femur (4)
A
Iliopsoas
Gluteus maximus
Gluteur medius & minimus
Adductors
6
Q
Gluteus maximus:
1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?
A
- Outer surface of the ilium & sacrum
- Posterior, proximal femur
- Hip extension (when leg starts in flexed position - ex climbing stairs)
Pelvis tilts backward (flattens the back)
7
Q
Gluteus medius & minimus:
1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?
A
- Outer surface of ilium
- Lateral proximal femur
- Hip abduction
8
Q
Adductors: 1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function? 4. How many are there?
A
- Pubis
- Medial femur
- Hip adduction
- 5
9
Q
Name the muscles moving the femur & tibia (2)
A
Quadriceps
Hamstrings
10
Q
Name the two parts of the quadriceps
A
3 vastus muscles
Rectus femoris
11
Q
3 vastus muscles:
1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?
A
- Proximal femur (all around)
- Anterior, proximal tibia (tibial tuberosity)
- Knee extension only
12
Q
Rectus femoris:
1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?
A
- Anterior ilium
- Anterior, proximal tibia (tibial tuberosity)
- Knee extension
Hip flexion
13
Q
Hamstrings:
1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?
A
- Ischial tuberosity
- Posterior, proximal tibia (medial & lateral)
- Hip extension
Knee flexion
14
Q
Name the muscles moving the foot
A
Tibialis anterior
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
15
Q
Tibialis anterior:
1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?
A
- Anterior, proximal 2/3 of tibia
- Top of first metatarsal
- Dorsiflexion
16
Q
Soleus:
1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?
A
- Posterior, proximal tibia
- Calcaneus
- Plantar flexion
17
Q
Name the muscle that moves the foot and the tibia
A
Gastrocnemius
18
Q
Gastrocnemius:
1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?
A
- Posterior, (medial & lateral) distal femur
- Calcaneus
- Plantar flexion
Knee flexion
19
Q
Name the muscles doing plantar flexion
A
Gastrocnemius & Soleus
20
Q
Name the muscle doing dorsiflexion
A
Tibialis anterior
21
Q
What are the four parts to Kinanthropometry?
A
- Size
- Proportionality
- Composition
- Shape
22
Q
What are the five parts of the size structure?
A
- Stature (height)
- Mass (weight)
- Lengths (limbs, segments, bones)
- Girths
- Widths
23
Q
Proportionality: (ratio/ index)
How do we calculate how one body segment compares to another segment?
A
By expressing one as a % of the other.
multiply one measure by 100 & then divide by the other measure
24
Q
Proportionality: (ratio/ index)
That is, the ____ (______) measurement will be expressed as a % of the _____ (______) measurement.
Thus 1/2 indicates that the top measure is ____% of the bottom measure.
A
Top (numerator)
Lower (denominator)
50%
25
Proportionality: (ration/ index)
| What are the six parts?
1. Stature proportions
2. Mass: stature proportions (BMI)
3. Length proportions
4. Girth Proportions
5. Width Proportions
6. Surface area relative to volume
26
What is the stature proportion?
Sitting height, relative to total height
27
Stature proportions:
- In general, _____ have longer trunks, relative to their legs, than do ______.
- If a male and female have identical standing heights (stature), the ______ will usually have a greater sitting height
Females, Males
| Female
28
What is the mass stature proportion?
This is your body mass (weight) relative to your stature (height)
29
BMI - What happens?
As you increase in height (linear measure), your surface area squares, but body volume cubes.
30
What is the BMI ratio?
```
Your mass (weight) relative to height squared
BMI= weight / height(squared)
```
31
BMI > __ = increased risk of disease
| BMI ≥ __ = designated obese
25
| 30
32
What are the three general mass ranges?
- Underweight
- Healthy or Acceptable Weight
- Overweight (Severe Overweight, Obesity)
33
The BMI is a useful ratio for men & women aged _____
20-65
34
BMI is not a useful index for? (5)
- Babies
- Children
- Teenagers
- Pregnant women
- Very muscular people
35
Length proportions: (ratio/ index)
| What are the two types?
Arm span relative to height
| Trunk length to leg length
36
Length proportion:
| What is the Crural Index? Brachial Index?
1. Lower leg relative to leg
| 2. Lower arm relative to arm
37
What are girth proportions?
Hip relative to waist
38
What are width proportions?
Shoulders relative to hips
39
What is androgyny index?
Shoulders relative to hips proportion
40
Who is the surface area relative to volume used for?
Children versus adults
41
_____ have a large surface area relative to their volume so they are more ____ sensitive
Children
| Cold
42
Body composition model groups all body tissues into which two groups?
1. Lean body mass (LBM)
| 2. Fat body mass (FBM)
43
What does Lean Body Mass include?
Skeletal muscle, bone, and water
44
How can Fat Body Mass be divided?
Storage Fat
| Essential Fat
45
What is Storage Fat (fat body mass)? What does it protect?
Fat that accumulates as adipose tissue
| Cushions, protects organs
46
___________ serves as energy reserve
Storage Fat
47
What type of fat is mainly a subcutaneous distribution?
Storage Fat
48
How is Storage Fat measured?
with skin folds
49
Storage fat:
males have ____%
females have ____%
12
| 15
50
Names the 9 parts that make up the essential fat
1. Bone marrow
2. Lungs
3. Spleen
4. Intestines
5. Central nervous system
6. Heart
7. Liver
8. Kidneys
9. Muscle
51
Fat body mass - Essential Fat
Comprises __% of body weight for the average male
Comprises ___% of the body weight for the average female
3%
| 12%
52
In which ways can assess body composition? (9)
1. Height/ Weight charts
2. Body Mass Index
3. Waist to Hip Ratio
4. Waist Girth
5. Hydrostatic weighing
6. Air displacement (Bod Pod)
7. Bioelectric impedance
8. Dual Energy X-Ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
9. Skinfold Thickness
53
How do we asses body composition?
By giving it numerical or descriptive values
54
What makes the assumption that if you weigh more then the norm (for your height) you had too much fat? Are these predictions reliable?
The height/ weight chart
| Not reliable b/c they were not well represented in the original samples
55
How do we measure BMI? (2 parts)
BMI= weight / height (squared)
| BMI nomogram
56
How do we measure the waist to hip ratio?
Using a nomogram
57
Waist to hip ratio:
_____ (____) shape = female
_______ (_____) shape = male
Gynoid (pear)
| Android (apple)
58
Waist to hip ratio:
| Obese individuals with excess abdominal fat have an increased risk of..? (3)
- Coronary disease
- Hypertension
- Type II diabetes
- etc.
59
What type of body composition assesment is a very strong index of health risk?
Waist Girth
60
What type of body composition assesment is the gold standard for calibrating all other methods of body composition calculations?
Hydrostatic weighing
61
What is bioelectric impedance? How is it influenced?
It is based on differences in electrical conductivity between fat-free mass and fat mass
It is influenced by the subject's hydration level
62
What is the Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) used for? (3)
Fat, muscle and bone mass
63
What does the skinfold thickness represent?
The % body fat calculations (many formulae)
64
What type of body composition assessment is more reliable - time to time measures?
Skinfold Thickness (sum of skinfolds)
65
Shape is also called?
Somatotyping
66
The human shape can be divided into: (3)
1. Roundness = Endomorphy
2. Muscualrity = Mesomorphy
3. Linearity = Ectomorphy
67
1. Sumo Wrestler =
2. Gymnastics =
3. Football player =
4. Long distance runner =
5. Majority of people are what type?
1. Endomorphy
2. Mesomorphy
3. Between Endomorphy and Mesomorphy
4. Ectomorphy
5. Mesomorphy
68
Gymnastics, athletics, wrestling, diving
| These are all examples of what type of movement?
Body moving itself
69
Cycling, kayak, canoe, rowing, esquestrian
| These are all examples of what type of movement?
Body moving conveyance
70
Ice- Speed skating, figure skating
Snow- Skiing, luge, boarding
Water - Speed swim, synchro swim
These are all examples of what type of movement?
Body in different mediums
71
Balls, shot, volleyball, football, basketball
| These are all examples of what type of movement?
Body moving projectiles
72
Racquets, bats, sticks, clubs, weights
| These are all examples of what type of movement?
Body moving implements
73
Curling, water polo
| These are all examples of what type of movement?
A combination of body in different mediums, and body moving projectiles
74
Golf, lacrosse, baseball, racquet sports, target sports
| These are all examples of what type of movement?
A combination of body moving projectiles, and body moving implements
75
Ice hockey, and ringette
A combination of body in different mediums, body moving projectiles, and body moving implements
76
Newton's 3 laws explain how motion is generated ______?
Biomechanically
77
What are Newton's 3 laws?
1. Law of Inertia
2. Law of Acceleration
3. Law of action/ reaction
78
What is the law of Inertia?
A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in motion will remain in motion; unless acted on by an external force
79
What is the reluctance to change called?
Inertia
80
Can we measure inertia?
Yes, it is how much matter (mass) a body has
81
Define: Mass
A measure of the quantity of matter in an object
82
Define : Weight
A gravitational attraction between two objects
83
Large mass = ____ gravitational attraction
large
84
What type of measurement remains constant everywhere in the universe?
Mass
85
Weight is a measure of _____
force
86
What type of measurement is different throughout the universe?
Weight
87
T or F : We can not use mass and weight interchangeably
False, we CAN use them interchangeably
88
What is your centre of mass (gravity)?
What your rotate about/ around
89
What are the 3 parts of your centre of mass
1. The point around which the body's mass is equally distributed in all directions
2. The balance point of a body (can be outside the body)
3. Points about which a body rotates free in space
90
Define: Velocity
A body in a "constant state" of motion
| stillness or movement
91
What is the velocity of stillness?
0
92
Define: Acceleration
Any change in velocity
| It can be positive, or negative (deceleration)
93
This a body will stay in the same state of motion... unless a ______ changes its ________, ... and this change in velocity is called ______
Force
Velocity
Acceleration
94
Do you decelerate when you jump?
No, never decelerate
95
What is required to change motion?
A single force
96
Define: Force
Any "cause" (push or a pull) that produces a change in the state of motion (or shape) that is, any "cause" that changes the acceleration of a body
97
Using bar bell for squats is and example of?
Force
98
What types of motion are caused by the application of force?
1. No displacement (stationary)
2. Linear displacement
3. Rotational (angular) displacement
4. Displacement-to-stationary
99
Define: No displacement (stationary)
Center of mass must be over base
100
Define: Linear displacement
When forces pass directly through the center of mass
101
What happens when your butt is against the wall and you lean forward? What type of motion is this?
```
Your center of mass moves outside your base then you fall
No displacement (stationary)
```
102
Define: Angular displacement
When forces pass "off centre" it causes rotational (angular), and some linear displacement
103
The further "off center" the force... the ____ the rotation & the ____ the linear displacement
Greater
| Less
104
Rotational movement is therefore influenced by both the _____ & the _______ force is applied away from axis of rotation
Force
| Distance
105
T or F: Angular motion = force x lever arm
True
106
The lever arm is also called the ______ arm.
| Define lever arm
```
Moment
The distance (perpendicular) from the force to the axis of rotation
```
107
Displacent-to-stationary motion is also called
Motion-to-no motion (landing)
108
What type of motion attenuates energy over time?
Displacement- to- stationary
109
What type of motion attenuates energy over the surface area?
Displacement- to-stationary
110
What is human motion caused by?
Caused by forces (torques)
111
T or F: Muscle contractions = acceleration
False, Muscle contractions = forces (torques)
112
Define: Human motion
Muscles contract (shorten), generate torque, and rotates 1 (or more) segments about a joint (axis)
113
A greater rotation is cause by?
A greater force
114
What are the two types to the law of acceleration?
1. Linear motion
| 2. Rotational motion
115
2nd law of acceleration
| Define: Linear motion
Acceleration is directly proportional to the force causing it
116
T or F: If the mass is the same, greater force = greater acceleration
True
117
Law of Acceleration:
| What is the equation for force?
F=ma
| Force = mass x acceleration
118
Law of Acceleration:
| What is the equation for momentum?
Momentum = mass x velocity
| (ship, bullet, train
119
2nd law of acceleration
| Define: Rotational motion
Rotational acceleration is proportional to the torque
120
What is the 3rd law of action/ reaction?
Every action has an equal, opposite, and concurrent reaction
121
Every action has an equal, opposite, and concurrent reaction... unless?
Unless applying more or less force
122
What kind of law says this?
| When your arms go backwards, feet go forward to make yourself go farther in long jump
3rd law of action/ reaction
123
3rd law:
| T or F: While 'in contact' the matching reaction force is called Ground Reaction Force
True
124
The force coming out of the wall is..?
Equal, opposite, and a concurrent force
125
To generate human movement, we must increase the ______________________
Ground Reaction Forces
126
Bathroom scale, leaning on a wall, running, jumping, etc. are all example of?
Non-contact limbs increasing GRF
127
Which law has the use of contact and non-contact limbs?
Newton's 3rd law (law of action/ reaction)
128
Human motion is caused by which factors? (2-3)
Anatomy/ Physiology
| Biomechanics
129
Define: Human Motion
Muscles generating force (torque) to move (accelerate) skeletal segments (levers about joints (axes)
130
How can movement be initiated?
Forces move levers about axes
131
______ muscle provides ____(torque) for the movement.... to provide a torque, muscles must convert ______ energy into ______ work
Skeletal, force
| Chemical, mechanical
132
What three types of muscle tissues are there?
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
133
Smooth muscle (_______)
- Located where?
- ____,_____ contractions
- Fatigue ________
Involuntary
- In blood vessels, organs, eye iris
- Slow, uniform contractions
- Fatigue resistant
134
Cardiac Muscle (_______)
- ________ impulses
- Features of both ____ & ___ muscle tissue
- __________ restistant
Involuntary
- Self generating impulses
- Features both smooth & skeletal muscle tissue
- Very fatigue resistant
135
Skeletal muscle (______)
- Connects ______ via _______
- _______ leads to fatigue
- Voluntary or Involuntary
Striated
- Connects bony segments via tendons
- Repeated contractions leads to fatigue
- Voluntary (volitional)
136
What are skeletal muscles composed of?
Myofibril
Muscle fibre
Muscle fibre bundle
137
Anatomy of a single muscle cell (fiber)
- diameter of a thin _________
- max length __ cm (___ in.)
- Multinucleated ______ cell
human hair
12 cm (4.5 in)
Cylindrical cell
138
What is Sarcolemma?
The cell membrane
| ** view picture
139
What is Sarcoplasm?
The cytoplasm
| **view picture
140
A muscle fibre contains many _______, which are made up of ___________.
Myofibrils
| Contractile proteins
141
What are the two contractile proteins?
Actin & Myosin
142
Define: Actin
- thin filaments
| - forms the framework, and slides over myosin filaments
143
Define: Myosin
- Think filaments
144
Define: Sarcomere
The functional unit of a muscle fibre (from z-line to z-line)
145
What happens in a muscle contraction? Which one slides over the other?
Many sarcomeres shortening (actin sliding the myosin)
146
The sarcomeres can't be _____, or ________ for the muscles to be efficient
too close, or too far
147
What happens when the sarcomeres are too close together?
Cross bridges interfere with one another as they form = less force produced
148
Sarcomeres should be an _______ so an optimal number of cross bridges is formed
optimal distance apart
149
If the sarcomeres are stetched farther apart than optimal, _____ cross bridges can form = ______ force produced
Fewer
| Less
150
__________ = (net-like) labyrinth of tubules inside fibre
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
151
T-tubules connect ____________ with ___________
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
| outer membrane
152
What is another word for T-tubules?
Transverse tubules
153
What is the outer membrane called?
The sarcolemma
154
All the myofibrils, fibres, and bundles of fibres are surrounded in ________
Connective tissue
155
Connective tissue, comprised mainly of the protein ________, which surrounds all ________, muscle fibres and muscle fibre _______. It is continuous with, and part of, the _______ that join muscle to bone
Collagen
Myofibrils
Bundles
Tendons
156
Fiber is surrounded by ________, and forms _______
Connective tissue
| Tendons
157
Muscles are attached to the ______ to create movement
Bones
158
Tendons are the __________ that attach muscle to bone
The strong fibrous tissues
159
How muscles work:
| What does a muscle need in order to contract?
For a muscle to contract, it needs a "drive" mechanism - a neural impulse
160
What is another word for a neural impulse?
An action potential
161
What are neural impulses?
Neural impulses are "electrical" currents that pass along nerve fibres
162
Each "motor" nerve innervates many muscle fibres & is called a _______
motor unit
163
Impulses cross gaps (synapses) between?
Adjoining nerves
164
Impulses cross gap (motor end plate) to ?
Innervate muscle
165
Both gaps (synapses and motor end plate) are crossed using?
The neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (Ach)
166
What is the motor endplate?
Where impulses arrive at the neuro-muscular junction
167
How do impulses travel? (action potential)
Impulses travel:
- over the sarcolemma
- through the T-tubules causing...
- calcium to be released from storage in the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
168
The release of Calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum causes?
Causes molecular crossbridging of actin & myosin
169
What happens in the absence of a neural impulse?
In the absence of a neural impulse...
- Calcium is reabsorbed into sarcoplasmic reticulum
- thus, stopping the contraction
170
Muscles are driven by _____________
Neural impulses
171
What are the two parts to the nervous system? And what do each of them contain?
```
Central Nervous System
- Brain
- Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
- Peripheral Nerves (legs and arms)
```
172
What are the three parts of the central nervous system?
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla
173
Define: cerebral cortex?
It plans and initiates voluntary motor activity
174
Define: the Basal Ganglion Mesencephalon?
It reflexes in reponse to visual and auditory stimuli
175
Define: Cerebellum?
It coordinates complex motor patterns
176
Define: Lower medulla oblongata?
The respiratory reflexes
177
Define: The brain stem and spinal cord?
The simple cranial and spinal reflexes
178
What happens when the motor cortex sends a signal?
The motor cortex sends a signal to the cerebellum, and the thalamus + basal ganglia, --> then back to the motor cortex, and down to the medulla --> down the spinal tract (pyramidal) --> along the spinal nerve to a specific motor unit muscle
179
Motor control of movement:
Muscle contraction needs __________
Volitional contraction is a ________ impulse
Neural Drive
| Efferent impulse
180
Motor control of movement:
| What are the five steps?
1) Starts in the motor cortex of the cerebrum
2) Cross over (decussation) in the medulla
3) Down a specific spinal tract (pyramidal)
4) Along a spinal never
5) Via a motor unit to specific muscle
181
In the motor cortex, what is it modified by?
Modified by the sensory info via cerebellum, (& thalamus, basal ganglia, etc.)
182
1 nerve has how many fibres?
Many
183
What is another word for cross over?
Decussation
184
Muscles create torque & _______________ BUT, coordinated movement requires ____________
Move levers about axes
| Sensory feedback
185
Sensory Control of Movement:
| Does what? What kind of impulse?
Moves from receptors to CNS and is an afferent impulse
186
What does efferent mean?
| What does afferent mean?
- Leaving the brain
| - Going to the brain
187
Sensory Control of Movement:
| What are the five steps?
1) Starts in receptor
2) Via a specific spinal tract
3) Cross over (decussation) in medulla
4) To sensory cortex with offshoots to cerebellum
5) If signal is of sufficient magnitude, it will illicit a spinal reflex
188
Name your primary senses (5)
```
Vision
Hearing
Smell
Taste
Touch
```
189
Define: Kinesthetic sense
How does it work?
Example?
- It is your most important individual sense, you can't function without it.
- It works without using the other senses
EX. knowing where your arm is without looking at it
190
What are the two parts to the Kinesthetic sense?
Vestibular system and Proprioceptive system
191
What is your vestibular system?
Located?
Example?
It tells us where our body is in space
- Semi-circular canals in inner ear (6 of them)
- has nothing to do with sound, tells your brain your still moving (after spinning)
EX. knowing the elevator is going up without seeing it
192
What is your proprioceptive system?
Located?
Example?
It tells us where our body parts are relative to our body
- In muscle, tendon and joint capsules
- EX. ability to know where your arm is, without seeing it
193
What are the parts to proprioception?
1) Muscle spindle
2) Tendon receptors
3) Joint capsule receptors
194
Propropception - muscle spindle:
| Define: Muscle spindle
Muscle spindles sense stretch in a muscle, and they are very sensitive to the rate of stretch
195
Propropception - muscle spindle:
| Define: Stretch reflex (myotatic)
Stretched muscle causes reflexive contraction of muscle being stretched
196
Propropception - muscle spindle:
| Sensory impulse is also sent to _______
Cerebellum
197
If you stretch a muscle fast, it will ________
Reflex involuntarily (contract)
198
What do muscle spindles do?
They send a signal to your brain
199
What would happen if you stretch downwards before jumping up?
You would jump higher
200
Steps of muscle spindle - stretch reflex? (5)
1) Stimulus - Stretching of muscle stimulates muscle spindles
2) Activation of a sensory neuron
3) Information processing at motor neuron
4) Activation of motor unit
5) Response - Contraction of muscle
201
Proproception - tendon receptors:
Define: Tendon receptors
Also called?
Senses muscle tension, that is, they sense stretch caused by contraction
- Golgi tendon organ
202
Proproception - tendon receptors:
| Define: Inverse myotatic reflex
Tension on tendon causes reflexive inhibition of muscle being contracted
203
Where is the sensory impulse sent to from the tendon receptors?
Cerebrum
204
What happens to the tendons when muscle is shortening (contraction)?
The tendons are stretched
205
What does yelling do?
It makes you dis inhibit your inhibition
206
Proproception - Joint capsule receptors:
| Define: Joint capsule receptors
Senses movement/ compression of joint capsule
207
Proproception - Joint capsule receptors:
| Where is the sensory impulse sent to?
Cerebellum
208
Proprioceptors fire where?
To the brain
209
Coordinated movement needs _________; in particular _________ feedback, and very particularly __________ feedback
Sensory feedback
Kinesthetic
Proprioceptive
210
Muscles are driven by neural impulses, which can be: __________, and _________
Volitional
| Reflexive (EX. babies grabbing your finger)
211
All biological (living) processes require the transfer of _______ energy, into ______ energy
Bound (potential)
| Free
212
Energy can be transformed between many different forms:
solar, thermal, ________
Electrical, ________
Chemical
| Mechanical
213
Energy releasing from the sun (solar energy) drives _______ in plants (free energy), resulting in ________________ (bound chemical energy)...
Which can be used by animals for biological functioning (____ energy), animals in turn, store ______ &________ (bound chemical energy)
Photosynthesis
Stored Carbohydrates (CHO)
Free
CHO & FAT
214
What are examples of bound chemical energy?
CHO & FAT
215
Approximately ____ of the human body is a potential energy reserve (which means it is usable for energy)
1/2
216
Where is energy stored?
In high energy phosphates, primarily
| Adenosine Triphosphate ATP
217
What is the Universal energy donor?
ATP
218
What does ATP do?
It couples the energy released from the breakdown of food into a usable form of energy required by all cells
219
T or F: All cells do not use ATP
False, all cells do use ATP
220
Explain:
| ATP --> ADP + Pi + free energy
ATP, using the enzyme of ATPase, breaks down Adrenosine Triphosphate into Adrenosine diphoshate by breaking off a phosphate.
Pi = Inorganic phosphate
221
Why does this happen?
| ATP --> ADP + Pi + free energy
The energy is just there (ATP), but we have to break off a phosphate to use the energy.
222
Without the ATP conversion, is there is energy?
There would be no energy made
223
All the chemical reactions that take place in the body require ______
The sum of all these reactions is called_______
Free energy
| Metabolism
224
What is required for muscle contraction to take place? For what?
ATP is required to supply free energy
225
Muscle cells store a _____ amount of ATP, but there are __ "____________" to produce ATP
limited
| 3 Metabolic pathways
226
Characteristics of ATP (3)
- We don't have lots of stored ATP
- We are constantly producing ATP
- We have limited stored ATP
227
What are the three metabolic pathways?
1. Stored Phosphocreatine (PC)
2. Breakdown of Glucose (or its stored form glycogen)
3. Oxidative formation of ATP
228
What is it called when the pathway doesnt need oxygen? (O2) Which ones don't need oxygen?
The first & second pathways don't require oxygen. Therefore they are called anaerobic
229
What is it called when the pathway needs oxygen? Which path?
Aerobic, the third one
230
If you run for a long time, which pathway will you be using?
Only the third pathway (Oxidative formation of ATP)
231
Which pathways are you using during most of the time?
Using all three most of the time
232
Which system is worn out first?
The stored phosphocreatine (or immediate system)
233
What happens after 10 seconds of activity?
The breakdown of glucose (or lactic system) crosses the first type and continues to hit its peak
234
What happens after 8 minutes of activity?
The 2nd step (breakdown of glucose) is decreasing, and the oxidative form of ATP (or oxygen) kicks in
235
VIEW SLIDES!!!!
Equations
236
Stored Phosphocreatine (PC):
- Provides ______ supply of ATP
- ___________ stores
- Lasts less than ___ seconds
- Recovery: __ min full, __ sec 1/2 recovery
- Anaerobic _______ (no lactic acid)
- does NOT need ____, restores itself _____
- training does NOT increase its _________
- Rapid
- Limited
- 10
- 3 min, 30 sec
- alactate
- oxygen, quickly
- capacity
237
Stored Phosphocreatine (PC)
- can produce a _______ amount of energy in a short amount of time
- Duration _____
- Energy source = _______
- Limiting factors = ______________
- very large
- 7-12 seconds
- Stored ATP, CP
- Initial concentration of high energy phosphates (ATP, PC)
238
Stored Phosphocreatine:
| Training does little to increase capacity of the __________________
Anaerobic alactate system
239
What does the anaerobic breakdown of glucose do?
It transfers bound energy from glucose to rejoin P to ADP
240
2. Breakdown of Glucose:
- Occurs in the ______ of muscle cells
- Provide energy as long as stores last __ sec to __ mins
- Accumulates ________
- Thus called ______________ system
- Sarcoplasm
- 20 seconds to 3 minutes
- Lactic acid
- Anaerobic lactate system
241
2. Breakdown of Glucose:
Products of glycosis/ molecule of glucose = ___________
By-product/ molecule of glucose
- 2 molecules of ATP
| - 2 molecules of lactic acid
242
Lactic acid is used to store _______ and ________ until they can be processed by the _______ system
Pyruvate
Hydrogen ions
Aerobic
243
At this moment, practically every cell on earth is burning _____ as a prelude to both _______ and ______ ____________
Glucose
| Anaerobic and aerobic respiration (functioning of the cell)
244
T or F: All cells make ATP using oxygen (O2), but not all use glucose
False; all cells make ATP using glucose, but not all use oxygen (O2)
245
The primary source of substrates is __________:
- primary dietary source of _______
- Primary _______ for brain, muscles, heart, liver
Carbohydrates
- glucose
- energy fuels
246
T or F: Muscles store glycogen for more exercise/training
| Liver is a large storage source
True
| True
247
What is the carbohydrate breakdown & storage path?
Complex carbohydrates - Digestive system
Glucose - Blood stream
Circulation of glucose around the body --> (Glucose stored in blood)
Glycogen stored in muscle or liver
248
Anaerobic threshold:
- The exercise intensity at which _______ begins to accumulate in the _______
- The point during exercise where the person begins to feel ______ and _____ sensations in their muscles
- Also estimated by _____ Threshold when ventilation becomes ____ (breathing heavier)
- Lactic acid, blood
- Discomfort, burning
- Ventilatory, non linear
249
Effects of training on anaerobic system:
a) Reduce the rate of _____ production by increasing effectiveness of ____ system
b) Increase rate of lactate elimination by:
- Increasing rate of ______ diffusion from active muscles
- Increasing muscle _______
- Increasing ability to metabolize _____ in heart, liver & non-working muscle
c) Improve the tolerance to increase _____
a) lactate, aerobic
b) lactic acid, blood flow, lactate
c) acidity
250
3. Aerobic (oxidative) production of ATP:
- Occurs in ______ of muscle cell (about __/cell- increased with training)
- _______ to ATP, no lactic acid
- __ times more ATP/ unit of glucose than ______ processes
- Yields __ ATP per glucose molecule
- Mitochondria, 300
- Glycogen
- 18, anaerobic
- 36
251
3. Aerobic (oxidative) production of ATP:
Primary source of energy (__-__%) in exercise lasting longer than __ mins provided that:
a) working muscles have sufficient _____ to meet energy needs
b) Sufficient ___ is supplied to the mitochondria
c) ____ or intermediate products do no limit the Kreb's cycle
70-95%, 10 mins
a) Mitochondria
b) Oxygen
c) Enzymes
252
3. Aerobic (oxidative) production of ATP:
Primary source of energy for the exercise performed at low intensity
- Energy yield from 1 molecule of glucose is __ ATP molecules
- Energy yield from 1 molecule of fat up to ___ ATP molecules
- By-products: _________ & _________
- 36
- 169
- carbon dioxide & water
253
Name the two pathways in the Aerobic production of ATP and where they are located
1) Kreb's Cycle in mitochondrion
| 2) Cori Cycle in the liver
254
3. Aerobic (oxidative) production of ATP:
Kreb's Cycle
- Production of ATP in the _______ of cells (muscle cells in this case)
... using ___, _____ and _____
... while giving ___ and ____ as byproducts
- Mitochondria
- CHO, fats (protein) and oxygen
- CO2 and H2O
255
3. Aerobic (oxidative) production of ATP:
Cori Cycle
Lactic acid is taken to the ____ to be metabolized back into ______ & then _____
liver
pyruvic acid
glucose
256
What are the two fuels of the aerobic system?
| What are they each made up of?
1) Carbohydrates (glycogen & glucose)
| 2) Fats (triglycerides & fatty acids)
257
What type of fuel for the aerobic system is found in dairy products, meats, nuts, and some veggies?
Fats
258
What is the body's largest store of energy, that cushions the vital organs, protects the body from the cold, and serves to transport vitamins?
Fats
259
Each gram of fat contains __ Calories of energy
| T or F: fat stored in muscle is good
9
| True
260
Increases on the aerobic capacity are due to:
- Oxidative _____ increase
- - Number, size & efficiency of ________ increased (up to ___%)
- Increase _____ stores (up to ___%)
- Enzyme
- - Mitochondria, 250%
- Glycogen
- - 200%
261
Increases on the aerobic capacity are due to:
______ delivery capacity increased
- ______ increase (_-__%)
-________ increases (up to ___%)
Oxygen
- Capillaries (5-15%)
- Myoglobin (up to 80%)
262
```
Increases on the aerobic capacity are due to:
Increased ______ (____) stored in muscle cells (up to ___%) & increased use of fat
```
triglyceride (fat), 150%
263
Define: Aerobic power
| Abbreviation
```
It is evaluated by the maximal volume of oxygen that can be consumed in a given time per kilogram of body mass
VO2 max (ml/min/kg)
```
264
Name the three factors contributing to high aerobic power
1) Cardiac output (HR x stroke volume)
2) Arterial oxygen content
3) tissue oxygen extraction
265
What does arterial oxygen content depend on?
Depends on ventilation & O2 carrying the capacity of blood
266
How do we determine the tissue oxygen extraction? how could we increase it?
Arterial minus venous O2 difference
| Increase by more myoglobin
267
- At rest CHO & Fats use __:___ for energy
- Short duration of exercise = nearly all ___
- Mild/severe exercise = more ___ than ___
- Prolonged less intense exercise = more ___
50:50
CHO
more CHO than fat
Fat
268
Which two ways can we test the power of our Anaerobic Alactate System? (stored phosphocreatine)
1) Margaria Test (12 stair sprint - measuring velocity between step 8 and 12)
2) Quebec Test (bicycle ergometer - 10 sec)
269
In which way can we test the power of our Anaerobic Energy System? (alactate & lactate)
Wingate Test ( 30 sec all out bicycle ergometer test - gaz and blood samples)
270
We can compare capacity of the Anaerobic Energy systems (alactate & lactate) by:
- timing a series of __ short distance sprints (40 m) (with rests of __ sec in between)
- calculate average velocity of the first __ sprints
- Calculate average velocity of the last __ sprints
- by dividing the final 3's average, by 1st 3's average and express as %, (you are showing _________________________)
- 10, 25 sec
- 3
- 3
- the ratio of how the last sprints compared to the first ones
271
Competitive athletes Anaerobic Energy System:
1. Superior =
2. Good =
3. Sub-par =
4. Poor =
1. > 90%
2. 85-89%
3. 80-84%
4. <79%
272
How can we assess the Aerobic Energy System?
Step tests, running tests, swimming tests, cycling tests, treadmill tests, etc.
273
How can we expect s training adaptation?
If you exercise frequently at a level greater than your normal habitual level
**In other words, you must stress of "load" your body's tissues
274
Adaptation to training:
- Tissues are ______, then ______
- Restoration is usually to a ____ level than before
.. which is also called _____ (or __________)
- To get continued adaptations, you must ___________ your "loading"
- depleted, then restored
- higher
- Compensation (or super compensation)
- Progressively increase
275
Adaptations to training (Loading):
- Speed, power, coordination are what?
- Morphological (size and shape)
- - _______ of muscle, tendon
- - _______ (higher density)
- What type of adaptation has increased glycogen stores, and red blood cells?
- Function (neural adaptations)
- - Hypertrophy
- - Bone accretion
- Metabolic (anaerobic, aerobic)
