Lectures 1 -10 Flashcards
1
Q
- Proximal?
2. Distal?
A
- Towards the origin (nearer to the trunk)
2. Away from the origin (further from the trunk)
2
Q
The arms are proximal to the hands is an example of what type of directional term?
A
Proximal
3
Q
The hands are distal to the arms, is what kind of directional term?
A
Distal
4
Q
- Supine position?
2. Prone position?
A
- A person lying on his back
2. A person lying face down
5
Q
- Superior?
2. Inferior?
A
- Nearer to the head
2. Nearer to the feet
6
Q
The head is _____ to the thorax
A
Superior
7
Q
The stomach is _______ to the heart
A
Inferior
8
Q
- Anterior?
2. Posterior?
A
- Nearer to the front
2. Nearer to the back
9
Q
Quadriceps are _______ to the hamstrings
A
Anterior
10
Q
Hamstrings are ________ to the quadriceps
A
Posterior
11
Q
- Superficial?
2. Deep?
A
- Nearer to the surface of the body
2. Farther from the surface of the body
12
Q
Which is more superficial? Muscle or skin?
A
Skin
13
Q
Which lies deeper? Heart or ribs?
A
Heart
14
Q
- Medial?
2. Lateral?
A
- Nearer to the median plane
2. Farther from the middle of the body
15
Q
The nose is ____ to the eyes, but the eyes are _____ to the nose
A
Medial
Lateral
16
Q
Median or Sagittal plane
A
Vertical plane that bisects the body into right and left halves
17
Q
Frontal plane (coronal)
A
- Divides the body into front and back halves
- Does adduction and abduction
18
Q
Transverse plane (horizontal plane)
A
- Divides body into upper and lower halves
- Does rotation (circles, rotation)
19
Q
- Flexion?
- Extension?
They happen in which plane?
A
- Reduces the angle between two bones at a joint (closing a joint)
- Increases the angle between two bones at a joint (opening a joint)
Both happen in the sagittal plane
20
Q
- Abduction?
- Adduction?
They happen in which plane?
A
- Movement away from the body
- Movement towards the body
Both happen in the frontal plane
21
Q
Circumduction?
A
- The combination of flexion-extension movements, with adduction-abduction movements
- A cone of movement occurs, but there is no rotation
22
Q
tracing a circle in the air with your finger while the rest of your hand doesnt move is what type of movement?
A
Circumduction
23
Q
Define rotation?
What are the two types?
A
- Bones rotate along its longitudinal axis
1. Internal (medial) - inwards rotation
2. External (lateral) - rotation back to original position
24
Q
- Supination?
2. Pronation?
A
- Describes movement relative to the forearm and hand; hand is moved so you can see the palm (hold a bowl)
- Palm is moved to face anteriorly - Palm is facing downwards
- palm is moved to face posteriorly
25
1. Inversion?
| 2. Eversion?
1. - Sole is turned inwards
- Causes ankle injuries at the joint
2. - Sole is turned outward; away from the body's median plane
26
1. Dorsiflexion?
| 2. Plantar flexion?
1. - Movement of the ankle so that the dorsal surface (top) of the foot moves superiorly
(pointing toes towards your body)
2. - Draws the foot inferiorly in the anatomical position
( Pushing toes away from your body)
27
What are short bones? Examples?
- Serve as good shock absorbers
| - Bones of the ankle and wrist
28
What are long bones? Examples?
- Proximal and distal enlargements (length greatly exceeds its diameter)
- Provides lever for movement
- Femur, humerus, and others
29
What are flat bones? Examples?
- Protect underlying organs
| - Bones of the skull, scapula, ribs, sternum and clavicle
30
What are irregular bones? Examples?
- Fulfill special functions
| - Bones of face, and verterbraes
31
What are sesamoid bones? Examples?
- Function as a pully
- Oval, pea-like, and found in tendons
- Patella, and others
32
Define porosity
Bones with a smaller proportion of calcium phosphate and carbonate, and they also have greater nonmineralized tissue
33
Bone classification:
1. Cortical bone
2. Spongy (cancellous) bone
Examples for both
1. Low porosity ( less flexible and can resist greater stress) (ex. arms and legs)
2. High porosity ( more nonmineralized tissue) (ex. vertebrae)
34
Bone composition:
| Define connective tissue
Have large amounts of extra-cellular material that separates cells (non fibrous protein ground substance, protein fibers, fluid)
EX: - the packing around organs, muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, blood
35
T or F: Bone is a connective tissue
True
36
Define Collagen
Gives bone its characteristic of flexibility, and contributes to its ability to resist pulling and stretching forces
37
What is the most abundant protein in the body?
Collagen
38
What is the main component of ligaments and tendons?
Collagen
39
What are the components of bone?
Calcium Carbonate, Calcium phosphate, but also water
40
Percentage of the bone components?
Calcium carbonate + phosphate (60-70%)
| Water (20-25%)
41
What do the components of bone provide?
Provide bone's stiffness and resistance to pressing or squeezing forces
42
Bones respond dramatically to stress in which two ways?
1. It can increase/decrease density depending on physical activity
2. It can remodel and change shape
43
Define condyle
| Where are the connections?
An enlargement for articular surface
| - Connection of bones at elbow/wrists
44
Define tubercle
| Where are the connections?
The bump for tendon attachment
| - Top of lower arm where the radius and ulna attach/meet
45
What is the axial skeleton composed of? (4)
| How many bones total?
```
Skull
Vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum
(Head, spine, trunk)
80 bones total
```
46
What is composed of 22 bones?
The skull
47
How many bones is the vertebral column (spinal cord) composed of?
26 bones
48
Name the parts of the vertebral column (5), and how many bones in each part?
Cervical vertebrae = 7 (neck)
Thoracic vertebrae = 12 (chest- each with a pair of ribs)
Lumbar vertebrae = 5 (lower back)
Sacrum = 1 (mid-line butt- 5 fused bones)
Coccyx = 1 (tail-bone- 4 fused bones)
49
How man ribs are there? and what are the categories?
12 pairs OR 24 ribs
True ribs = ribs 1-7
False ribs = ribs 8-10
Floating ribs = ribs 11-12
50
Where is the costal cartilage located?
Attaches the ribs to the sternum
51
What is the sternum?
The midline breast bone, made up of 3 fused bones
52
What are the parts of the sternum? What do they join?
1. Manubrium
2. Sternal body
3. Xiphoid process
It joins the clavicles and 10 pairs of ribs
53
The breast bone is another name for what?
The sternum
54
T or F: Bone is metabolically more active then muscle
True
55
T or F: It is impossible for bones to respond to stress
False; bones respond to stress
56
T or F: Bones can't redevelop
False; bones can redevelop
57
What are the four parts of the appendicular skeleton?
1) Pectoral Girdle
2) The upper limbs
3) The pelvic girdle
4) The lower limbs
58
What is the pectoral girdle composed of?
```
The clavicle (collar bone), and the scapula (shoulder blades)
- It is one joint that joins the pectoral girdle and the arm to the axial skeleton
```
59
Clavicle:
1. Medial attachment?
2. Lateral attachment?
3. Types of movement?
1. To the sternum
2. To the scapula
3. Retraction/ protraction,
elevation/ depression
60
Where is the spine of the scapula?
It is located on the posterior side
61
What is the upper limbs composed of?
arms, hands and wrists
62
Name the three parts of the arm
Humerus (shoulder to elbow)
Radius (forearm - thumb/ lateral side)
Ulna (forearm - pinky/ medial side)
63
Name the three parts of the hands/ wrists
```
Carpals (in wrist) = 8
- Scaphoid (lateral)
- Lunate (medial)
Metacarpals = 5
- joins to the distal rows of the carpals (bones in the hand, NOT fingers)
- M1 = thumb M5 = pinky
Phalanges = 3 in fingers, 2 in thumbs
- proximal, middle and distal phalanges
- 14 / hand
```
64
What is the pelvic girdle?
Joins the leg/hip joint and the axial skeleton by the sacrum
| - formed by two oscoxa hip bones
65
What are the three parts of the oscoxa bones?
1. Ilium - higher
2. Pubis - middle under where sacrum connects
3. Ischium - lowest part
66
What makes up the lower limbs of a body?
A person's leg, ankle and foot
67
Three parts of the leg and what they are?
1. Femur - the thigh bone
2. Patella - the knee cap ( a sesamoid bone)
3. Tibia - medial bone (bigger/ main bone)
Fibula - lateral bone (skinnier bone); does NOT join to the knee
68
Three parts of the ankle/foot
1. Tarsals = 7
- Talus = what tibia and fibula attach to
- Calcaneus = heel bone
2. Metatarsals = 5 (M1 = big toe)
- bones in foot, NOT toes
3. Phalanges = 14/ foot
- big toe = 2
- all others = 3
69
What do the ends of the clavicle articulate with? Medial and lateral ends?
```
Medial = sternum (manubrium)
Lateral = scapula (acromion process)
```
70
Movements the clavicle ends on?
Retraction (backwards), protraction (forward), elevation, depression
71
What is the skeletal attachment point for the pelvic girdle to the rest of the skeleton?
To the sacrum
72
Human motion is caused by levers (limbs) being __________ about ______ (joints) by applying ______ (muscles)
Accelerated
Axes
Torques
73
Movement in the sagittal plane?
Flexion/ Extension
74
Movement in the frontal plane?
Abduction/ Adduction
75
Movement in the transverse plane?
Rotation
76
Name the five types of rotation
Internal (medial) rotation of the shoulder
External (lateral) rotation of the shoulder
Supination of the forearm
Pronation of the forearm
Rotation of the head & trunk (circumduction)
77
Elbow movements?
Flexion/ extension
| Supination/ pronation
78
Shoulder movements?
```
Flexion/ extension
Abduction/ Adduction
Medial/ lateral rotation
Horizontal abduction/ adduction
Circumduction
```
79
Trunk movements?
Flexion/ extension
Lateral flexion/ extension
Rotation
80
Ankle movements?
Inversion/ Eversion
| Dorsiflexion/ plantar flexion
81
Define a joint
The point of connection between bones (the material that joins them)
82
Define: Ligaments
Strands of connective tissue that maintain the stability of integrity of joints (hold the bones together)
- * joins bone to bone*
83
Where are slightly moveable joints located?(3)
1. Between vertebrae
2. Between right and left pubic bones
3. Sacroiliac joint (also called moveable joint)
84
What are fibrous joints?
They are the disks between vertebral bodies
- they have low mobility
- pulpy interior
- fibrous exterior
85
T or F: The sacroiliac joint is fibrous & synovial
True
86
T or F: The symphysis pubis is made up of fibro cartilage.
True
87
Synovial joints are made up of which 4 parts?
- Joint capsule
- Synovial membrane
- Synovial fluid
- Hyaline (articular) cartilage
88
Define: joint capsule (ligament)
It seals and holds the joint together
- it compresses over night
- it may or may not have thickenings called intrinsic ligaments
89
Define: Synovial membrane (inside capsule)
It covers the joint cavity and secretes the lubrication fluid
90
Define: Synovial fluid (inside membrane)
Lubricates the joint
91
Define: Hyaline (articular) cartilage
A protective layer of dense white connective tissue that covers the ends of the articulating bones
- it's the least regenerative joint
92
What happens to the joint when you crack your fingers?
It makes the joint (capsule) bigger after cracking
| - gas come out of the solution
93
Define: Extrinsic ligaments
Support the joint & connect the articulating bones
94
Define: Sternoclavicular joint
Connects the sternum to the clavicle
- only joint connecting the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton
- Strengthened by an intra-capsular disc & extrinsic ligaments
95
Name the movements of the pectoral girdle
Elevation/ Depression
| Protraction/ Retraction
96
Define: Acromioclavicular joint
| What kind of injury?
Unites the lateral end of the clavicle with the acromion process of the scapula
- bone that separates when you have a shoulder seperations
97
Define: Glenohumeral joint
| Why is it injured?
Connects the humerus and the scapula
- multi-axial joint
- has a wide range of motion
Injury = relative lack of stability
98
Names the three joints in the elbow joint
Humeroradial
Humeroulnar
Proximal radioulnar
99
Define the elbow joint: Humeroradial
| Movement?
Where the humerus and radius meet
- Looks like a lifesaver
Movement : flexion/ extension; pronation/ supination
100
Define the elbow joint: Humeroulnar
| Movement?
Where humerus and ulna meet
- looks like a wrench
Movement: flexion/ extension
101
Which bone moves the hand?
The radius
102
Define the forearm joint: Proximal radioulnar
| Movement?
Where the radius and ulna touch by the elbow - it's part of the elbow
Movement: pronation/ supination
103
Define the forearm joint: Distal radioulnar
| Movement?
It's where the radius and ulna touc by the wrist
| Movement: pronation/ supination
104
Is there an elbow joint ?
No, only 3 joints around the elbow
105
Define the wrist joint: Radiocarpal joint
| Movement?
Between the distal end of the radius and the 2 carpals (scaphoid and lunate)
Movement: flexion/extension; circumduction
106
Define the hand joint: Metacarpophalangeal (knuckles)
| Movement?
Between the distal end of the metacarpals and the proximal phalanges?
Movement: flexion/ extension
107
Define the synovial trunk joint: Intervertebral joints
| Movement?
```
(Also called facet joints)
- Susceptible to sprains
- Each vertebra has 2 facet joints connecting them
Movement: Rotation
Lumbar - Flexion/ extension
Thoracic - lateral flexion/ extension
```
108
Intervertebral joint: ____ facet joints on each thoracic vertebrae
8
109
Name the two synovial joints of the trunk and pelvic joints?
```
Lumbosacral joint ( trunk)
Sacroiliac joing (between sacrum and ilium)
```
110
Define the hip joint : Acetabulum (the socket)
| Movement?
This joint is between the proximal femur and the socket (acetabulum) in the pelvis
Movement: flexion/ extension; abduction/ adduction
111
The tibiofemoral joint is another name for?
The knee joint
112
What are the three parts of the knee joint?
The Meniscus cartilage
The Cruciate ligaments
The Collateral ligaments
113
Define part of the knee joint: Meniscus cartilage
It is between the tibia and femur
It's shock absorbing fibrocartilage discs
It's located lateral and medial (under patella)
114
Define part of the knee joint : cruciate ligaments
In the center of the joint, they are X-shaped
- anterior and posterior
- (between two white squares)
115
Define part of the knee joint: Collateral ligaments
They extend from femur to tibia & fibula on the outside of the joint
- medial and lateral (outside parts of knee)
116
Ankle joint: The distal ______ and ______ articulate with the superior part of the ______
Fibula and tibia
| Talus
117
Define the part of the foot joint: transverse (mid) tarsal joint
Movement?
Between proximal & distal row of tarsal bones
| Movement: inversion / eversion
118
Name the six muscle attachment locations
```
Deltoid tubercle
Bicipital groove
Radial tubercle
Ulnar tubercle
Ischial tuberosity
Tibial tuberosity
```
119
Muscle function:
Prime movers are called __________
Opposing muscles are called ________
Agonists
| Antagonists
120
Ex of muscle function:
| Hamstrings are _____ in knee flexion; but _______ in knee extension
Agonists
| Antagonists
121
T or F: Muscles are important stabilizers.
True
122
Sternocleidomastoid:
| 1. Attachments? 2. Function?
1. Sternum & clavicle to the base of the skull (bump behind ears is mastoid process)
2. Flexes neck - when both sides contract
Flexes & rotates head - when one side contracts
123
When ___ side of the sternocledomastoid contracts, it will rotate head to the ____ and _____ (towards sternum)
Right
Left
Down
124
Erector Spinae:
| 1. Attachments? 2. Function?
1. From the sacrum and ilium (posterior) to the base of the skull (back)
** OR Iliac crest, then all the vertebrae to the skull **
2. Upper portion - extends neck
Lower portion - extends trunk
125
What muscles are used in lateral neck flexion to the right?
Right sternocleidomastoid
| Right upper erector spinae
126
Name the anterior muscles that move the trunk (abdominals)(4)
```
Rectus abdominis
External oblique (2)
Internal oblique (2)
Transversus abdominis
```
127
What to the rectus abdominis look like?
| 1. Attachment? 2. Function?
There's left and right rectus abdominis, they are vertical (but only 1 muscle)
1. Sternum (xiphoid process) and adjacent with ribs to pubic bone
2. Trunk flexion
Pelvis stabilization & tilt backwards
Deep muscle of the abdomen
128
External oblique:
| 1. Attachments? 2. Function
1. Lateral ribs downward to the anterior crest of the ilium, pubis, and linea alba (between rectus abdominis)
2. Trunk flexion and rotation
Pelvis stabilization & tilt backwards
Directly under skin
Right side = flexes & rotates to the left
129
Internal oblique:
| 1. Attachments? 2. Function?
1. Linea alba downwards, to lateral crest of pubis & ilium
2. Trunk flexion and rotation
Pelvis stabilization & tilt backwards
130
Doing a sit up towards the left requires which muscles?
The left internal oblique & the right external oblique
131
T or F: Obliques are deep
False; obliques are superficial
132
Transversus abdominis:
| 1. Location? 2. Attachments? 3. Function?
1. left and right (lateral sides of rectus abdominis)
2. Linea alba to lower ribs, crest of ilium and to the spine
3. Compresses abdomen
Spine & trunk stabilization
133
What muscle is used in planking? and is important to keep in shape?
The transversus abdominis
134
Name the muscle that moves the trunk?
The erector spinae
135
What is the erector spinae important for? and what does it help you do?
Important in back injury prevention
| Helps you lift and stand straight
136
What is used in lateral trunk flexion to the right?
```
Right abdominals (NOT transversus)
Right erector spinae
```
137
Name the muscles moving the humerus
Anterior Deltoid
Middle Deltoid
Posterior Deltoid
138
Anterior deltoid:
1. Proximal attachment?
2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?
1. Lateral clavicle
2. Deltoid tubercle of the humerus
3. Shoulder flexion & internal (medial) rotation
139
Middle deltoid:
1. Proximal attachment?
2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?
1. Lateral clavicle (acromion process)
2. Deltoid tubercle of the humerus
3. Shoulder abduction
140
Posterior deltoid:
1. Proximal attachment?
2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?
1. Lateral spine of the scapula
2. Deltoid tubercle of the humerus
3. Shoulder extension
External (lateral) rotation
141
What is the anterior muscle moving the humerus?
The pectoralis major
142
Pectoralis major:
1. Proximal attachment?
2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?
*Goes from the medial clavicle & sternum, the grabs the bicipital groove**
1. Sternum & clavicle
2. Lip of the bicipital groove
3. Horizontal adduction of humerus
Bringing arm down from overhead (extension of adduction)
Internal (medial) rotation
143
What are the posterior muscles moving the humerus?
```
The latissimus dorsi
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Trapezius
```
144
Which muscle goes from the thoracic vertebra, to the sacrum, and under the arm attaching to the front of the arm ?
Latissimus dorsi
145
Latissimus dorsi:
1. Proximal attachment? (3)
2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?
1. Bottom 6 thoracic vertebrae, all lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum
2. Passes under arm to the lip of the bicipital groove
3. Horizontal abduction of the humerus
Bringing arms down from overhead ( extention/ adduction)
Internal rotation of the humerus
146
Supraspinatus:
| 1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function? 4. Location?
1. Supraspinous fossa of the scapula
2. Superior part of the humerus
3. Abducts the humerus
4. Under acromion process
147
Infraspinatus:
| 1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function? 4. Location?
1. Infraspinous fossa of the scapula
2. Posterior proximal humerus
3. Adducts humerus
External (lateral) rotation of the humerus
(pulls humerus backwards, rotates)**
4. Just below the supraspinatus
***NOT the main muscles****
148
Subscapularis:
| 1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function? 4. Location?
1. Subscapular fossa of the scapula
2. Anterior proximal humerus
3. Adducts humerus
Internal (medial) rotation of the humerus
4. Under the scapula/ hidden by the humerus
*** strong internal movement***
149
Name the three rotator cuff muscles? (SIS)
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
150
Trapezius:
| 1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function? 4. Location?
1. From the base of the skull to the thoracic #12 vertebra
2. Spine of the scapula
(medial spine for lower trap)
(lateral spine for upper trap)
3. ***Scapular stabilization***
Upper - shoulder elevation
Mid- shoulder retraction
Lower - shoulder depression
Locks scapula in place
151
The muscles that move the scapula will also be very important _____ and ________ of the scapula when other muscles attempt to move the humerus
Stabilizers
Fixators
Humerus
152
Improper conditioning of the ________ without conditioning the stabilizers is cause for many injuries
Prime movers
153
Name the four muscles moving the forearm
Brachialis
Biceps brachii
Brachioradialis
Triceps brachii
154
Brachialis:
| 1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function? 4. Location?
1. Anterior distal humerus
2. Anterior proximal ulna (ulna tubercle)
3. Elbow flexion
4. Located under biceps, goes from the humerus to the ulna
155
Biceps Brachii:
| 1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function? 4. Location?
1. Scapula (superior to the glenoid fossa)
Scapula (coracoid process)
2. Anterior proximal radius (radial tubercle)
3. Elbow flexion & Shoulder flexion & Supination (strong)
4. Goes from the scapula to the radius (does NOT touch the humerus)
Connects under pec major and deltoid
156
Brachioradialis:
| 1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function? 4. Location?
1. Anterior distal shaft of the humerus
2. Lateral distal radius
3. Elbow flexion (strong)
157
Triceps brachii:
| 1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function? 4. Location?
```
1. Long head- inferior to glenoid fossa
Short head - humerus (posterior shaft)
2. Posterior proximal ulna
3. Elbow extension
Shoulder extension (long head)
4. Grabs onto the ulna
*** moves the forearm***
```
158
How many triceps brachii heads are there?
1 long head
| 2 short heads
159
Which head of the triceps is used for shoulder extension?
The long head
160
Name the four muscles moving the hand & wrist
Hand & wrist flexors
Hand & wrist extensors
Forearm pronator
Forearm supinator
161
Hand & wrist flexors:
| 1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?
1. Medial epicondyle of the humerus
2. Carpal & Metacarpals
3. Hand & wrist flexion
162
Hand & wrist extensors:
| 1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?
1. Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
2. Carpals & Metacarpals
3. Hand & wrist extension
163
Forearm Pronator:
| 1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?
1. Medial epicondyle of the humerus
2. Lateral, proximal radius
3. Pronation (pulls radius over the ulna)
164
Forearm Supinator:
| 1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?
1. Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
2. Medial, proximal radius
3. Supination (pulls radius back to anatomical position)
165
Which muscle in the hand & wrist is used in clenching hand OR grabbing a bar while doing a chin up?
The hand & wrist flexors
166
Which muscle is used in opening your hand?
Hand & wrist extensors
167
Which muscle pulls the radius over the ulna?
Forearm pronator
168
Which muscle pulls the radius back to anatomical position?
Forearm supinator
169
Which muscles are used in lateral flexion?
Abdomines
Erector spinae
Obliques
170
Elbow sideways push up:
| 1. Movement? 2. Muscle?
1. Horizontal shoulder abduction
| 2. Triceps (extending)
171
Elbow forward push up:
| 1. Movement? 2. Muscle?
1. Extension
| 2. Biceps brachii
172
Chin up with palms facing you:
| 1. Movement? 2. Muscle?
1. Elbow flexion & Shoulder extension
| 2. Pec major & Latissimus dorsi (shoulder)
173
Chin up with palms facing way:
| 1. Movement?
Elbow extension
| Abduction
174
Movement in a sit up?
Hip flexion
Trunk flexion
Neck flexion
