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Biology of Sex > Lectures 10-18 > Flashcards

Lectures 10-18 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Herbert Spencer believe about evolution?

A

Rival to Darwin

Organism changes as it interacts with its environment but once the organism reaches an equilibrium, change is no longer necessary

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2
Q

What did Herbert Spencer believe about mother nature?

A

the act of reproduction limited the development of the female sex

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3
Q

Is it true that females are static?

A

No, females are active participants and undergo evolutionary changes as do men

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4
Q

What are the findings of the fruit fly experiment?

A

Females evolve and make choices and have strategies on reproduction and nurturing offspring

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5
Q

What is the female Heron, gulls, eagles strategy?

A

Lay 2 eggs days apart and commence incubation immediately after first egg is laid

The first chick is older than the second and the parents are able to care for both chicks since they have different ages

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6
Q

What is a then cause of the birds hatching their eggs days apart?

A

One chick may attack the other and no parent will intervene. Food aggression is the issue

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7
Q

Is there a benefit for mother birds laying their eggs days apart?

A

Found that mothers with chicks of identical age were twice as likely to lose all their chicks compared to controlled chicks

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8
Q

What species eats their young?

A

Female wolf spiders, mice

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9
Q

Why will females eat or abandon their young?

A
  1. Stress
  2. Babies aren’t healthy
  3. Mother is mutant: can’t smell their offspring
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10
Q

What is it called when mothers eat their babies?

A

Filial Cannibalism

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11
Q

Why is filial cannibalism a viable strategy?

A

Can coexist with parenting and can help select appropriate parenting behavior that provides the most fitness units

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12
Q

How does female coercion work in bees?

A

The queen gives off a chemical pheromone to all the female workers

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13
Q

What is the Bruce effect?

A

When females terminate their young or pregnancy when a new male takes over

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14
Q

What happened when a virgin female rat was injected blood from a mother rat?

A

When the female was presented with young pups (unrelated) she started to care for them

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15
Q

What do women produce during pregnancy?

A

Prolactin (increases 40-50%)

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16
Q

How do men testosterone react to women’s pregnancy?

A

Men have been reported to have lower testosterone (reduced aggression towards baby, more bonding)

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17
Q

How long is the window of infertility?

A

~14 months so woman can care for baby

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18
Q

What is parent-offspring conflict?

A

Natural selection favors the selfish offspring, always demanding a little more than the female wants to give

the selfish offspring will have more resources, better health

mother wants to move onto next offspring, offspring does not want her to move on and continues to be nurtured

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19
Q

What are the advantages and costs of parent-offspring conflict

A

pros:
- fetus gains from mom’s immune system
- mother gains from fetal immune cells

cons:
- some fetuses are aborted, after mom gains her immune boost (choose selfish)
-some mothers can suffer from autoimmune diseases

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20
Q

What is the Maternal Effect?

A

Mom is giving information to offspring, and this information is not orchestrated from offspring genes

  • Maternal effect is not maternal inheritance
  • effect can have pros and cons
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21
Q

What is the maternal effect in Fish?

A

More nutrients in eggs when food is scarce so offspring are fatter

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22
Q

How does the maternal effect work in canaries?

A

Mothers pass down testosterone in the eggs which causes variation in the group

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23
Q

How does mom’s rank impact female effect?

A

low ranking baboon mothers were less likely to survive due to harassment than sons (sons will leave)

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24
Q

How is the maternal effect seen in humans?

A

If a woman is pregnant with limited food during early part of pregnancy, the infant may be born at a (relatively) normal birth weight

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25
Q

Low Calorie breakfasts favor conception of a girl. T or F?

A

True (girls are low energy sufficient)

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26
Q

How does kinship work in biology?

A
  • Kinship only through blood
  • favors the spread of genes that can increase indirect fitness
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27
Q

What is kin selection?

A

Strategy whereby an organism will help relatives survive and breed (sometimes at their own personal determent)

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28
Q

How do male turkeys help their older brothers mate?

A

The younger brother will do nothing as the older brother flaunt and struts

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29
Q

How do genes promote altruistic behavior? (Hamilton’s rule/formula)

A

C < (r)B
B = fitness benefit to recipient
C = fitness cost to actor
r = coefficient of relatedness

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30
Q

Why do female ground squirrels give more alarm calls? (Altruism example)

A

They are surrounded by kin, females stay in natal area

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31
Q

What are some Eusocial animals?

A

-Thrips
- Aphids
- Shrimp

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32
Q

What is eusocial?

A

highly social, residing in large groups or colonies with different roles within the group

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33
Q

What is typically in a eusocial colony?

A
  • reproductive female, surrounded by sterile workers
  • sterile workers, care for young, tend colony
  • colony with individuals that cooperate in caring for offspring that overlap in generations
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34
Q

Which animals are hymenoptera (eusocial)?

A

Bees, Wasps, ants

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35
Q

What does a haploid unfertilized egg turn into?

A

A male

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36
Q

What does a diploid fertilized egg become?

A

A female

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37
Q

What is the degree of relatedness in sisters?
(nonhuman)

A

r = 0.75

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38
Q

Why do female workers invest in female workers?

A

They share more genes and show heightened eusociality

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39
Q

What happens when an old queen dies?

A

A sister becomes queen, fed royal jelly

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40
Q

What is haploidiploidy?

A

One sex haploid, other sex diploid

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41
Q

Why doesn’t haploidiploidy explain eusociality?

A

Not all colonies have sisters with 0.75 relatedness

there are eusocial insects that both sexes diploids (termites)

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42
Q

What mammal is eusocial?

A

Naked Mole rat
- all males and females are diploid

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43
Q

Do males have paternal parental certainty?

A

NO

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44
Q

What is a chimera?

A

animal that has two or more sets of cells that came from genetically distinct cell populations (different zygotes)

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45
Q

What is Woman the Gather idea?

A

Women were the core food providers and may well have invented the first tools to facilitate the gathering of plants and animal protein

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46
Q

Why did Linda Marie Fedigan disagree with the “Women the Gatherer”?

A

dismissed as a “feminist” challenge to the male hunting model “Man the hunter”

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47
Q

What is Glynn Isaac’s “Food Sharing Hypothesis”?

A

There is a sexual division of labor between women and men

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48
Q

How do chimp deal with sexual division of labor?

A

Both males and females learn to fish, but females spend more time and are better foragers

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49
Q

What is it called when female lions have false cues in pregnancy?

A

Anovulatory cycle

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50
Q

Why might females hide their signals?

A

Arms race between the sexes and way to increase fitness

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51
Q

Why is it important babies and todders join play groups?

A

cut the risks of getting seriously ill since exposed to pathogens

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52
Q

What is it called when women have offspring without men?

A

Parthenogensis

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53
Q

How the Anglerfish reduce itself to a sperm package (chimerism)?

A

male attaches to female, parasite, they fuse together and become a hermaphrodite

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54
Q

What were Harvard President Larry Summer’s reason for the gender gap?

A
  1. women not interested in making the sacrifices required by high powered jobs
  2. men have more intrinsic aptitude for high level science
  3. women may be victims of sexist discrimination
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55
Q

How does Dr. Leonard Sax think we should approach sexes and education?

A

girls and boys should be taught separately since boys often have difficulty in school

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56
Q

What happen when rat pups are returned to a stressed mother?

A

She licks them excessively (oxytocin)

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57
Q

What are the main biological differences between men and women?

A
  1. Men have larger hearts
  2. Women have more body fat
  3. Women have fewer red blood cells
  4. Women have less type II muscles (fast twitch)
  5. Women are not able to store as much energy
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58
Q

T or F, as men age testosterone levels decrease

A

True

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59
Q

What are pheromones?

A

Substances that are endogenous (produced within the body) from exocrine glands, released through ducts and communicate information between conspecifics often air born

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60
Q

What do pheromones communicate?

A

sexual attraction, can alter estrous cycle

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61
Q

How are hormones and pheromones different?

A

Hormones are excreted into the blood stream for a target area within the body

Pheromones released through ducts

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62
Q

How do sex hormones interact with pheromones?

A

sex hormones can stimulate the production of pheromones

hormones can orchestrate an animal’s response to a pheromone

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63
Q

What is the Testosterone Hormone-Pheromone link? (mice)

A

There is a male mouse pheromone that causes males to attack one another

there is a female mouse pheromone that inhibits aggression by males

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64
Q

What is a scent?

A

contains different chemicals (including pheromones)

  • scent can include fatty acids, hormones, sweat, old cells, pheromones

reveal apsects of diet, sex, and health

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65
Q

Where are pheromones produced in fish?

A

Alarm special cells
- released when injured

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66
Q

Where are pheromones produced in insects?

A

Glandular epidermal cells beneath the cuticle

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67
Q

Where are pheromones released in mammals?

A

exocrine glands known as apocrine glands (sweat glands)

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68
Q

Where are the pheromone receptors found in insects?

A

antennae

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69
Q

Where is the pheromone receptor found in amphibians, reptiles, and most mammals?

A

Vomeronasal organ

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70
Q

Do humans have Vomernasal organ?

A

No functioning VNO in humans
- new world monkeys, yes
- old world monkeys and apes, no

71
Q

Do humans respond to phermones?

A

yes, in human olfactory mucosa

72
Q

What types of pheromones are in humans?

A
  1. sexual pheromone (sexual attraction, mating)
  2. Primer pheromone (induces real change)
  3. Social (signal) pheromone (information)
73
Q

Why are sexual pheromones needed to be a certain size?

A

If too large can’t float but if too light will dissipate too quickly

74
Q

How do sex pheromones work in the Tobacco moth?

A

male produces a sex pheromone and the females are receptive and seek out the largest male (most pheromones)

75
Q

Where are boars sex pheromones?

A

in breath (saliva) androsternol

76
Q

T or F, human also produce androstenol?

A

True in sweat

77
Q

What is the Vandenbergh Effect in primer pheromones? (mice)

A

When a pheromone in a male mouse’s urine is encountered by a young female mouse, she matures sexually so she can mate with the new male

78
Q

What is the bruce effect in primer pheromones?

A

If pregnant mouse smells urine of a new male she will abort or reabsorb her young

79
Q

What is the Whitten effect in primer pheromones?

A

when a pheromone in the male mouse’s urine causes all the females to cycle at the same time

80
Q

What is the Lee-Boo effect in primer pheromones?

A

When a pheromone in a female urine’s causes all the females in a crowded condition to suppress their cycles

81
Q

What are some social signaling pheromones?

A
  • oder trial (insects)
  • Alarm pheromone (insects)
  • Recognition pheromone (ants)
    -Funeral pheromone (ants)
  • Queen pheromone (honeybees)
  • Marking territory (mammals)
82
Q

What is the maternal mouse phermone?

A

Keeps the pups close to mom so they don’t wander away, close to mom and her milk supply

83
Q

What fish uses the alarm pheromone?

A

European Minnow
- released when injured

84
Q

How is music/sounds used for animals?

A
  • impress your peers
  • to defend a territory
  • to warn others of danger
  • attract a mate
85
Q

Which species uses drumming? How and what is it used for?

A

Monkeys drum when traveling to coordinate movement, long distance communication

-make chimp group sound large
-indicate territory is taken
-reveal rank in group

86
Q

How do Indri lemurs use sound in nature?

A
  • maintain territory
  • guarding mate (enforces monogamous bond)
  • impress peers
87
Q

How do Humpback Whales use song?

A

Males sing more during breeding season

all humpback whales sing as they navigate water and migrate and can identify specific group of whale

88
Q

How do elephants use their “infrasonic” calls?

A

outside human hearing
- males detect female infrasonic calls when females in estrous
- allows males to find females that are scattered
- coordinate movements of elephants (find food, groups, water, mates)

89
Q

How do many insects exhibit sound?

A

Stridulation (rubbing together body parts)

90
Q

What are some insects that engage in stridulation?

A

Field Crickets: rub their wings

91
Q

How do mosquitoes communicate through sound?

A

Females vibrate their wings within earshot of male who are also vibrating wings

  • male and female are harmonic when in the mood
  • researchers now know females aren’t deaf
92
Q

What do bird vocalizations mean?

A
  • alarm calls, predator detection (less melodic)
  • clear off territory calls
  • attract females
93
Q

How does the bird’s soundbox, the syrinx work?

A

soundbox is at lower position with two bronchi

  • birds can make sound in both bronchi
  • each bronchi can make different sounds and put them together to travel
94
Q

How does Cowbird use songs to attract mates?

A

Male birds sing short sequences, high frequency whistle

also sing and dance at the same time

95
Q

How are female Zebra finches the picky sex?

A

Young male learns songs of other males, will learn father’s song

young female will listen to father song and compare the males if they are similar to father’s song (she is the judge)

96
Q

Why do some birds duet?

A

I. Male-Male duet: rival males can duet, allow females to compare (sexual selection)
II. Male-Female duet: a mated pair sing to sound as one, bonded, maintain territory

97
Q

How do Cockatoos make music?

A

use tools like branches

98
Q

Which birds are the most complex sound birds?

A

Australian Lyrebird (mimic)

99
Q

What percentage of humans share base pairs with common chimps and bonobo?

A

99%

100
Q

What is EEMH?

A

European Early Modern Human

101
Q

T or F, humans are sexually dimorphic?

A

True

102
Q

How does food scarcity impact common chimp mating?

A

they are promiscuous, adult males eat first and rarely share with females

103
Q

How are female bonobos bonded?

A

through sexual activity, not through bloodlines, sex used to resolve conflicts over food

104
Q

Are male bonobos bonded?

A

no, more egalitarian (not male dominated)

105
Q

Who is more aggressive bonobos or chimps?

A

chimps,
- aggressive with neighborhood groups
- males share meat with males not with females

106
Q

What mating system does humans have?

A

pair bonded-monogamous, polygynous (serial monogamist)

107
Q

T or F, humans have estrous signals?

A

False, men think about sex without having an ovulating woman nearby

108
Q

Human don’t have sharp canine but have fists

A
109
Q

T or F, testes size is a proxy for sperm count?

A

True

110
Q

What does this polygyny trait translate to for humans:
sexually dimorphism height, body weight

A

male-male contests: males made to fight over women

111
Q

What does this polygyny trait translate to for humans:
testes, moderately larger

A

sperm competition

112
Q

What does this polygyny trait translate to for humans:
clenched fists considered a fighting tool

A

since human is bipedal, this fist to fist fighting more probable

113
Q

What does this monogamous trait translate to for humans:
canines not sexually dimorphic

A

few male-male contest

114
Q

T or F, majority nonhuman primates are polygynous

A

True

115
Q

Why might men seek out more long-term mating (monogamy)?

A

invest more in offspring, so offspring can survive and carry out genes

116
Q

What is GGSS?

A

Good Genes Sexual Selection

117
Q

How do women exhibit GGSS?

A

-if males do not assist in infant care
-if women need asistance in care of offspring, will evaluate a man based on resources and long-term parental care

118
Q

Which sex lives longer?

A

The sex that care more for the children (trick question)
- overall women/females

119
Q

How long have modern humans been in existence?

A

160,000 years

120
Q

What is New Sociobiology?

A

Selection pressures have shaped animal social behavior to be advantageous (adaptive-with payoff)

121
Q

T or F, humans are animals that have genes linked to their behavior
(gene based & learned based)

A

True

122
Q

Why is it important for humans to understand new sociobiology?

A

By illuminating how similar we are to other animals, we can exercise conscious control over our behavior

123
Q

What does E.O Wilson believe about human behavior?

A

believes aspects of human behavior that are orchestrated by genes
- we should recognize our biological predisposition and deal with them head on

124
Q

What does E.O Wilson believe about free will?

A

Our actions are determined on genetic influences, not so much free will

125
Q

What does the chemical Cortisol impact?

A

linked to mood changes and emotional arousal

126
Q

What is the t-shirt test?

A

Women reacting to pheromones from men
- decide if t-shirt smell as sexy or not
- Women picked shirts from males with dissimilar MHC complex

127
Q

What is MHC?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
- involved in the immune system and are the most diverse between individuals

associated with resistance to HIV/AID, malaria, etc

128
Q

T or F, testosterone can dampen immune system

A

True, men end up sick more often

129
Q

What does the Pill do and contain?

A

contains estrogen and progesterone
- inhibits ovulation, makes it difficult for sperm to travel

130
Q

What is a woman in a “false pregnancy” looking for?

A

A man with similar MHC or a man who may share genes and may help care for child

131
Q

What is the paternal investment theory?

A

the sex that invests more in its offspring will be more selective when choosing a mate, and the less-investing sex will have intra-sexual competition for access to mates.

132
Q

What is the differential parental investment theory?

A

females should look for long term mates that are willing to invest in resources for their offspring when paternal care is necessary for survival

133
Q

What does symmetry in the body indicate?

A

Symmetry in body and face indicate normal development without perturbations regarding stress, nutrients, toxins, etc

134
Q

Is ovulation concealed in humans? strip club test

A

No

135
Q

What did Darwin determine about females and sexually selected traits?

A

saw it as proof females did have a sense of aesthetic

136
Q

What did Wallace believe about female mate choice?

A

Female mate choice is based on sensible but no aesthetic grounds

137
Q

What is an animal that uses aethestics for mating?

A

Pufferfish building sand sculpture for mating

138
Q

How does the runaway selection hypothesis work in humans?

A

First larger brain helped with survival then a gene for female choosiness comes along so female wants large brained creative son

139
Q

Bower Bird, why are they important?

A

Very elaborate decorated structures
- largest brain
- complex
- most elaborate decorated structure by animal

140
Q

What is the mating process for the Satin Bower Bird? (transference)

A

Have a bachelor pad filled with sticks and other plastics
- as decorating increases, less ornamentation on body. body is not the only object females judge on

141
Q

What does Geoffrey Miller say about courtship and what it reveals?

A

Courtship displays are an expensive use of time and can therefore reveal quality

142
Q

What does courtship display?

A
  1. self-expressive
  2. cost time and energy (health, intelligence, and creativity)
  3. Most have no survival benefits
  4. Show strong individual differences
143
Q

What are the cultural courtship model predictions?

A
  1. Should be strong sexual dimorphism in the cultural display (males have extra testosterone)
  2. Production of this cultural display should increase rapidly at puberty, peak at young adulthood, and gradually decline over adult time
    (woman can display, but it benefits females to be the choosy sex)
144
Q

What does Geoffrey Miller think about male-female competitiveness?

A

Men are predisposed to be competitive

women also competitive, but competitive behavior is slightly dampened based on the necessities to carry out successful reproduction

145
Q

Geoffrey Miller thinks the human brain is a both a survival machine and a courtship machine

A

Runaway Trait

146
Q

What is the theory behind post-partum depression?

A

Because Prolactin levels are still high as progesterone and estrogen plunge quickly after birth

hostility needed to protect the baby

147
Q

What does breastfeeding inhibit? (Lactational Amenorrhea)

A

Breastfeeding your infant around the clock inhibits the release of hormones that initiate the ovulation cycle

148
Q

What is an example of parent-offspring conflict?

A

In humans:

fetal hormones are released to increase placental blood flow

maternal hormones are released to counteract these fetal hormones

149
Q

How do Rh factors in blood attribute to parent-offspring conflict?

A

If mother is Rh negative and the baby is Rh positive then some of the baby’s blood (with added protein) will enter the mother ‘s system and cause antibodies from the mother’s system to destroy the baby’s red cells and kill baby

150
Q

What are the two tenets of kin selection?

A
  1. help kin over nonkin
  2. Help close kin over distant kin
151
Q

What is direct fitness in terms of kin relation?

A

have your own offspring

152
Q

What is indirect fitness in terms of kin relation?

A

Help offspring of genetic relatives

153
Q

How did Lydia and her sister form a chimera?

A

According to her doctors, Lydia’s chimera is manifested in her ovaries;

the 4 gametes, 2 eggs and 2 sperm merged into 2 nonidentical twins

154
Q

T or F, when ovulating women found androstenone to be pleasant smell?

A

True

155
Q

What are women picky about in men?

A

Symmetrical body and face and scent

155
Q

What are/aren’t men picky about in women?

A

Men don’t find the scent of a women to making her more or less attractive

156
Q

In the lap dance experiment, what were the end result? (who got what tips)

A

Dancers not on pill and fertile got most tips ($335)

Dancers not on pill and on period got least ($185)

dancers on pill made less than dancers on cycle

157
Q

When are women pursuing creative endevours?

A

-they have a child-care system
- family planning (birth control)
- fewer deaths from pregnancy (medical advances)

158
Q

How do men respond to stress?

A

Tendency to “fight or flight”

159
Q

How do females respond to stress?

A

Women often “tend and befriend”
(talk it out, need resources, women can’t outrun danger)

160
Q

Why do women excel in ultra-endurance competitions such as marathons?

A

Women have more fat than men which allows them to store more energy

161
Q

What happens to a male mouse who is castrated in terms of the testosterone hormone-phermone link?

A

That male does not produce the male mouse pheromone that is linked to aggression

162
Q

How do moths use pheromones?

A

Because it is night and they can’t see while flying, the pheromones help antennae to guide the moth

163
Q

How to butterflies use pheromones?

A

Help males and females find each other to mate

navigation

164
Q

How are female fruit fly pheromones aphrodisiac? (experiment explain)

A
  • can breed without suspected pheromone

researchers offered males with and without pheromone

males preferred females with pheromone

165
Q

How can a mating strategy be a conditional strategy?

A

Strategic Pluralism

  • men will seek out short term offspring to father numerous offspring (polygonous)
  • men could also seek out more long-term mating to invest more in offspring and carry genes out
166
Q

Similarities and differences between chimps and bonobos?

A

similar:
- promiscuous mating
- highly social, breed in groups

differences:
- Chimps patriarchal, Bonobos egalitarian
- chimp males only mate with females when female in estrous, bonobos always have sex

167
Q

How many years ago did the human lineage split with chimp lineage?

A

6 million years ago

168
Q

How does the bola spider engage in dishonest signaling?

A

bola spider mimics the female sex pheromone of a moth species

because the male moths are attracted to that pheromone, they end up eaten by the spider

169
Q

What is the role of women in cultural courtship

A

pick a clever, intelligent mate

170
Q

True (genetic) monogamy is rare (why?)

A

Fitness benefit to spreading genes

171
Q

What are the male chaffinch experiment?

A

two cases:

case A: bird in isolation has simple song

case B: exposed to male tutor song during first weeks of life then song is more complex and it improves on it with adding own song

172
Q

Why are monogamous nonhuman primates monomorphic in body size?

A

A large male body is expensive, use it or lose it

when the sexes are similar in body size, more egalitarian

173
Q

What is altruism

A

unselfish regard for or devotion to the welfare of others

Biology of Sex (4 decks)

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