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Cell Biology > Lectures 1-7 > Flashcards

Lectures 1-7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of Form=Function

A
  1. Hepatocytes- mitochondria + ER; function=protein synthesis, detoxification, need lots of ATP!
    2.Cardiac- striated actin/myosin + mitochondria=lots of ATP for contraction
  2. Pancreatic- secretory granules=secretion!
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2
Q

Mitochondria–>Nucleus Communication

A

Stress Response
-Unfolded proteins clog mitochondria
-Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) goes to nucleus
-Increases chaperone proteins
-Chaperone proteins help fold proteins or rid of excess

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3
Q

ER–>Nucleus Communication

A

ER is extension of nucleus (outer membrane becomes ER)
Ca2+ stored in ER which can release directly into nucleus via channels
Transcription factors: present in nucleus, control gene expression & sensitive to Ca2+

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4
Q

ER–>Mitochondria

A

Talks via Ca2+
Up Ca2+ –> ATP
Mitofusins fuse ER to mitochondria for greater efficiency

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5
Q

Canine Neuroaxonal Dystrophy

A

Pups dying at birth - respiratory failure, scoliosis/locked limbs
Neurodegeneration
Autosomal recessive, mutation in Mitofusin-2 (not enough ATP–>neuron death)

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6
Q

Grey Cattle - Degenerative Axonopathy

A

MFN2 gene (mitofusin 2)- splice defect
Ataxia–>death

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7
Q

Bone Marrow Hypoplasia in dog

A

Cough, bilateral nasal discharge, up WBC, otherwise norm
Treated fenbendazole for worms
Improved intially, then decrease immunity
Cause: treatment tore microtubules which lead to starvation/death
Possible reasons for reaction- mutation, dosage

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8
Q

Cytoskeleton Components

A

Actin filaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

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9
Q

Actin Filaments

A

Function: cell shape & attachment
Structure: smallest filament, labile pool, flexible, “loose” helix, single protein
Movement: focal adhesion + contraction (myosin)

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10
Q

Mastitis

A

Actin filament disease
Caused by staph aureus
Actin torn=Epithelial barrier disrupted –> edema + inflammatory cells

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11
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Function: mechanical strength, nuclear structure
Structure: middle size, proteins vary, rope-like, somewhat flexible

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12
Q

Lamins

A

make up cell’s nuclear envelope, attachment for chromosomes, position nuclear pores
*type of intermediate filament

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13
Q

Equine Motor Neuron Disease

A

Degenerate muscle nerves=wasting; legs inward, head upward
Intermediate filaments over-accumulate

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14
Q

Microtubules

A

Function: cell division, moving organelles
Structure: largest filament type, infexible, hollow, “spider” shape
Heterodimer- alpha & beta tubulin

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15
Q

Motor Protein Types

A

Kinesins: toward pos
Dyneins: back for recycling

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16
Q

West Nile Virus (Encephalitis in Horses)

A

Tremor, sz, death
Mosquito transmission
Subvert ER function: viral RNA released, turn into proteins which wrap ER. Twists it and Ca2+ outpours = death

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17
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (general)

A

S: 1 mem, continuous w nuclear mem
F: make transmembrane proteins, receive secretory proteins, detoxify, metabolism

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18
Q

Rough ER

A

F: protein synthesis
S: ribosomes attached, proteins threaded into RER

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19
Q

Smooth ER

A

F: detoxify, metabolism (make sex hormones), Ca2+ (calreticolin are Ca2+ binding proteins; SER wraps contractile elements in heart for quick contraction)

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20
Q

Transitional ER

A

usually SER, rarely RER
Vesicles “bud off” to Golgi (driven by COPII complex)

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21
Q

Explain process of stress in ER

A

unfolded proteins build up –> translation of new proteins stops
nucleus increases chaperone proteins + proteases (for folding/breakdown)
Severe stress= Ca2+ in mito –> death

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22
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

S: 1 mem, leaflets, one in each cell
F: receive proteins, send to parts of cell
Cis and trans sides (things move from cis–>trans and then sorted)
Anything unmodified goes to plasma membrane

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23
Q

Lysosomes

A

S: 1 mem, change size for digestion, acidic (pumps H+ via V-ATPase); made of mem vesicle + golgi vesicle + H+ acidity
F: digestion
phagocytosis-engulf large molecule
endocytosis-small particles
autophagy-cell materials, “recycling”

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24
Q

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses

A

Small & large mammals
Deficient lysosome enzyme/protein: TPP1
Neuron material buildup–>degeneration–>ataxia, blindness, sz

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25
Q

Mitochondria

A

S: 2 mem, bacterial origin, network, own small genome (OXPHOS proteins); cristae (folds up SA); matrix (cytosol)
F: electrochemical proton gradient, produce ATP, steroid/lipid metabolism, ion homeostasis

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26
Q

How does mitochondria produce electrochemical proton gradient?

A

By movement of H+ ions across inner membrane
More H+ inside than outside membrane

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27
Q

How does mitochondria produce ATP?

A

Via oxidative phosphorylation
Creates O2, pumps H+ into intermembrane space
Only travel across mito mem using ATP synthase which creates ATP!

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28
Q

Explain mitochondria’s role in ion homeostasis (which ions and role).

A

Ca2+: normal increase stimulates enzymes in TCA (Krebs) cycle which increases ATP production

Fe2+: ferrochelatase makes Heme which binds O2 to RBC

29
Q

Bovine Protoporphyria

A

Mitochondrial disorder
3-month calf, increased neutrophils, seeks shade, severe sunburn
Ferrochelatase mutation: no Fe in Heme=elevated protoporphyrin (photosensitizer)

30
Q

Sensory Ataxic Neuropathy

A

Mitochondrial disorder
Golden retrievers- neuron loss–>ataxia
Mitochondrial tRNA mutation–>reduced ETC (electron transport chain)=decreased ATP

31
Q

Nucleus

A

S: 2 mem, outer mem continuous w/ ER

32
Q

Nucleoli

A

Ribosome factories (structure in nucleus)

33
Q

Chromatin

A

house genetic info (structure in nucleus)

34
Q

Speckles

A

Splicing (structure in nucleus)

35
Q

Cajal bodies

A

Make small nuclear RNAs for splicing (structure in nucleus)

36
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

Intermediate filaments that are attachment points for chromosomes and positioning of nuclear pore (structure in nucleus)

37
Q

Nuclear pores

A

allows movement between nucleus and cytosol
In: histones, transcription machinery, TFs, RNA processing proteins
Out: mRNA, tRNA, ribosome parts, TFs
Proteins in/out of nucleus directed by internal signal sequence & import/export receptors (importins take stuff in, exportins out)

38
Q

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV)

A

Nuclear pore disorder
Cattle, horses, pigs- blistering mouth, nose, hooves
Viral protein blocks import/export across nuclear pores = cell death

39
Q

Central Dogma (of nucleic acids)

A

DNA –> RNA (via transcription) –> protein (via translation)

40
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Double helix, nitrogenic bases (AGCT), antiparallel, equidistant, phosphate backbone, negative charge

41
Q

Purines

A

nitrogenic bases
Adenine & Guanine
Have double H bond

42
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Nitrogenic bases
Cytosine & Thymine
Triple H bond (stronger)

43
Q

Antiparallel

A

DNA strands opposite directions
5’ to 3’ (has phosphate attached) and 3’ to 5’

44
Q

Nucleotide vs Nucleoside

A

Nucleotide= base + sugar + phosphate
Nucleoside= base + sugar (no phosphate)
Ex. adenine –> adenosine

45
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

Bond that connects DNA strand
Made of phosphate group + 2 sugars

46
Q

DNA in Prokaryotes

A

Not compartmentalized, circular
Ex: mitochondria

47
Q

DNA in Eukaryotes

A

Nucleus (most), linear, euchromatin & heterochromatin

48
Q

Euchromatin vs Heterochromatin

A

Eu- diffused/separated (transcription can occur)
Hetero- dense (no transcription)

49
Q

Feline Herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1)

A

Causes FVR (feline viral rhinotracheitis)
Symptoms: conjunctivitis, discharge (eye/nose)
Most common virus in domestic cats

50
Q

Genetic Material in Viruses

A

DNA or RNA + protein coat, does have all replication machinery

51
Q

Virus Infection Process

A

Viral RNA into cell via integrase, uses reverse transcriptase & polymerase for replication

52
Q

Drugs used for Viral Treatment

A

Acyclovir, Penciclovir, Cidofovir- phosphate group removed, drug added; binds to tri-phosphate in cell=preventing further viral replication

Antiviral chemotherapy- none currently approved for cat herpes (but is in humans), Acyclovir used in vet med but low efficacy in cats

53
Q

Histones

A

Proteins that condense DNA into chromatin
Rich in arginine & lysine (pos charge)

54
Q

Nucleosome

A

Histone + DNA

55
Q

DNA Replication Process

A

-DNA unzips
-RNA primer begins replication (by primase)
-DNA ligase binds two new strands together
-DNA polymerase proofreads DNA (prevent mutation)

56
Q

Stages of Mitosis

A

Prophase (chromosomes condense)
Preprometaphase (chromosomes attach)
Metaphase (chromosomes align)
Anaphase (chromosomes separate)
Telophase (chromosomes relax)

57
Q

RNA Structure

A

Single-stranded, uracil, ribose sugar

58
Q

Types of RNA

A

mRNA: messenger
tRNA: transfer
rRNA: ribosomal
snRNA: small nuclear (spliceosomes)

59
Q

Promoter Region

A

Recognition site where RNA polymerase knows where to start transcription
(parts: enhancer, CAAT box, TATA box, cap site, promoter, proximal elements)

60
Q

Transcription Factors (TFs)

A

controls rate of transcription through activators/repressors
Activator- protein that binds to enhancers to determine “on” genes and speed of transcription
Repressor- protein that binds to silencers to slow transcription

61
Q

RNA Polymerase (+ types)

A

F: Synthesizes RNA from 5’ to 3’ via ester bonds (NO proofreading)
Types:
Polymerase I: rRNA I: mRNA, III: tRNA

62
Q

Death Cap Mushroom (Alpha-Amanitin) case study

A

Dachshund puppy- lethargic, hypoglycemia
Ingested mushroom, death 24-48 hours later
Cause: shuts down mRNA transcription
Toxicity phases: latency (initial symp), false recovery, liver failure, hepatic/renal failure

63
Q

Transcription Strands

A

Template strand (anti-sense)
Non-template strand (sense) = coding strand
Must be present in mRNA since it has message

64
Q

Splicing

A

Step of RNA processing before mRNA can be translated
Splices out introns and joins exons of replicated strand

65
Q

Introns

A

part of replicated RNA strand that don’t code for protein, need to be spliced out

66
Q

Spliceosome

A

bind exon to exon by splicing out introns in replicated RNA strand

67
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

Exons are spliced in various combinations which code for different proteins
No change in nucleotide, just segments included
Ex. Drosophila (115 exons, 38,000 possible proteins)

68
Q

Cis vs Trans Splicing

A

Cis: intramolecular (removes intron, join exons in same RNA)
Trans: intermolecular (removes intron, join exons from different RNA)

69
Q

RNA Editing

A

Process different than splicing which changes RNA transcription sequence (becomes different than DNA template)
Ex: single nucleotide change = different protein

Cell Biology (6 decks)

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