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Cell Biology > Lectures 1-7 > Flashcards

Lectures 1-7 Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of Form=Function

A
  1. Hepatocytes- mitochondria + ER; function=protein synthesis, detoxification, need lots of ATP!
    2.Cardiac- striated actin/myosin + mitochondria=lots of ATP for contraction
  2. Pancreatic- secretory granules=secretion!
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2
Q

Mitochondria–>Nucleus Communication

A

Stress Response
-Unfolded proteins clog mitochondria
-Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) goes to nucleus
-Increases chaperone proteins
-Chaperone proteins help fold proteins or rid of excess

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3
Q

ER–>Nucleus Communication

A

ER is extension of nucleus (outer membrane becomes ER)
Ca2+ stored in ER which can release directly into nucleus via channels
Transcription factors: present in nucleus, control gene expression & sensitive to Ca2+

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4
Q

ER–>Mitochondria

A

Talks via Ca2+
Up Ca2+ –> ATP
Mitofusins fuse ER to mitochondria for greater efficiency

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5
Q

Canine Neuroaxonal Dystrophy

A

Pups dying at birth - respiratory failure, scoliosis/locked limbs
Neurodegeneration
Autosomal recessive, mutation in Mitofusin-2 (not enough ATP–>neuron death)

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6
Q

Grey Cattle - Degenerative Axonopathy

A

MFN2 gene (mitofusin 2)- splice defect
Ataxia–>death

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7
Q

Bone Marrow Hypoplasia in dog

A

Cough, bilateral nasal discharge, up WBC, otherwise norm
Treated fenbendazole for worms
Improved intially, then decrease immunity
Cause: treatment tore microtubules which lead to starvation/death
Possible reasons for reaction- mutation, dosage

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8
Q

Cytoskeleton Components

A

Actin filaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

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9
Q

Actin Filaments

A

Function: cell shape & attachment
Structure: smallest filament, labile pool, flexible, “loose” helix, single protein
Movement: focal adhesion + contraction (myosin)

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10
Q

Mastitis

A

Actin filament disease
Caused by staph aureus
Actin torn=Epithelial barrier disrupted –> edema + inflammatory cells

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11
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Function: mechanical strength, nuclear structure
Structure: middle size, proteins vary, rope-like, somewhat flexible

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12
Q

Lamins

A

make up cell’s nuclear envelope, attachment for chromosomes, position nuclear pores
*type of intermediate filament

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13
Q

Equine Motor Neuron Disease

A

Degenerate muscle nerves=wasting; legs inward, head upward
Intermediate filaments over-accumulate

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14
Q

Microtubules

A

Function: cell division, moving organelles
Structure: largest filament type, infexible, hollow, “spider” shape
Heterodimer- alpha & beta tubulin

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15
Q

Motor Protein Types

A

Kinesins: toward pos
Dyneins: back for recycling

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16
Q

West Nile Virus (Encephalitis in Horses)

A

Tremor, sz, death
Mosquito transmission
Subvert ER function: viral RNA released, turn into proteins which wrap ER. Twists it and Ca2+ outpours = death

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17
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (general)

A

S: 1 mem, continuous w nuclear mem
F: make transmembrane proteins, receive secretory proteins, detoxify, metabolism

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18
Q

Rough ER

A

F: protein synthesis
S: ribosomes attached, proteins threaded into RER

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19
Q

Smooth ER

A

F: detoxify, metabolism (make sex hormones), Ca2+ (calreticolin are Ca2+ binding proteins; SER wraps contractile elements in heart for quick contraction)

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20
Q

Transitional ER

A

usually SER, rarely RER
Vesicles “bud off” to Golgi (driven by COPII complex)

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21
Q

Explain process of stress in ER

A

unfolded proteins build up –> translation of new proteins stops
nucleus increases chaperone proteins + proteases (for folding/breakdown)
Severe stress= Ca2+ in mito –> death

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22
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

S: 1 mem, leaflets, one in each cell
F: receive proteins, send to parts of cell
Cis and trans sides (things move from cis–>trans and then sorted)
Anything unmodified goes to plasma membrane

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23
Q

Lysosomes

A

S: 1 mem, change size for digestion, acidic (pumps H+ via V-ATPase); made of mem vesicle + golgi vesicle + H+ acidity
F: digestion
phagocytosis-engulf large molecule
endocytosis-small particles
autophagy-cell materials, “recycling”

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24
Q

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses

A

Small & large mammals
Deficient lysosome enzyme/protein: TPP1
Neuron material buildup–>degeneration–>ataxia, blindness, sz

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25
Mitochondria
S: 2 mem, bacterial origin, network, own small genome (OXPHOS proteins); cristae (folds up SA); matrix (cytosol) F: electrochemical proton gradient, produce ATP, steroid/lipid metabolism, ion homeostasis
26
How does mitochondria produce electrochemical proton gradient?
By movement of H+ ions across inner membrane More H+ inside than outside membrane
27
How does mitochondria produce ATP?
Via oxidative phosphorylation Creates O2, pumps H+ into intermembrane space Only travel across mito mem using ATP synthase which creates ATP!
28
Explain mitochondria's role in ion homeostasis (which ions and role).
Ca2+: normal increase stimulates enzymes in TCA (Krebs) cycle which increases ATP production Fe2+: ferrochelatase makes Heme which binds O2 to RBC
29
Bovine Protoporphyria
Mitochondrial disorder 3-month calf, increased neutrophils, seeks shade, severe sunburn Ferrochelatase mutation: no Fe in Heme=elevated protoporphyrin (photosensitizer)
30
Sensory Ataxic Neuropathy
Mitochondrial disorder Golden retrievers- neuron loss-->ataxia Mitochondrial tRNA mutation-->reduced ETC (electron transport chain)=decreased ATP
31
Nucleus
S: 2 mem, outer mem continuous w/ ER
32
Nucleoli
Ribosome factories (structure in nucleus)
33
Chromatin
house genetic info (structure in nucleus)
34
Speckles
Splicing (structure in nucleus)
35
Cajal bodies
Make small nuclear RNAs for splicing (structure in nucleus)
36
Nuclear lamina
Intermediate filaments that are attachment points for chromosomes and positioning of nuclear pore (structure in nucleus)
37
Nuclear pores
allows movement between nucleus and cytosol In: histones, transcription machinery, TFs, RNA processing proteins Out: mRNA, tRNA, ribosome parts, TFs Proteins in/out of nucleus directed by internal signal sequence & import/export receptors (importins take stuff in, exportins out)
38
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV)
Nuclear pore disorder Cattle, horses, pigs- blistering mouth, nose, hooves Viral protein blocks import/export across nuclear pores = cell death
39
Central Dogma (of nucleic acids)
DNA --> RNA (via transcription) --> protein (via translation)
40
Structure of DNA
Double helix, nitrogenic bases (AGCT), antiparallel, equidistant, phosphate backbone, negative charge
41
Purines
nitrogenic bases Adenine & Guanine Have double H bond
42
Pyrimidines
Nitrogenic bases Cytosine & Thymine Triple H bond (stronger)
43
Antiparallel
DNA strands opposite directions 5' to 3' (has phosphate attached) and 3' to 5'
44
Nucleotide vs Nucleoside
Nucleotide= base + sugar + phosphate Nucleoside= base + sugar (no phosphate) Ex. adenine --> adenosine
45
Phosphodiester bond
Bond that connects DNA strand Made of phosphate group + 2 sugars
46
DNA in Prokaryotes
Not compartmentalized, circular Ex: mitochondria
47
DNA in Eukaryotes
Nucleus (most), linear, euchromatin & heterochromatin
48
Euchromatin vs Heterochromatin
Eu- diffused/separated (transcription can occur) Hetero- dense (no transcription)
49
Feline Herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1)
Causes FVR (feline viral rhinotracheitis) Symptoms: conjunctivitis, discharge (eye/nose) Most common virus in domestic cats
50
Genetic Material in Viruses
DNA or RNA + protein coat, does have all replication machinery
51
Virus Infection Process
Viral RNA into cell via integrase, uses reverse transcriptase & polymerase for replication
52
Drugs used for Viral Treatment
Acyclovir, Penciclovir, Cidofovir- phosphate group removed, drug added; binds to tri-phosphate in cell=preventing further viral replication Antiviral chemotherapy- none currently approved for cat herpes (but is in humans), Acyclovir used in vet med but low efficacy in cats
53
Histones
Proteins that condense DNA into chromatin Rich in arginine & lysine (pos charge)
54
Nucleosome
Histone + DNA
55
DNA Replication Process
-DNA unzips -RNA primer begins replication (by primase) -DNA ligase binds two new strands together -DNA polymerase proofreads DNA (prevent mutation)
56
Stages of Mitosis
Prophase (chromosomes condense) Preprometaphase (chromosomes attach) Metaphase (chromosomes align) Anaphase (chromosomes separate) Telophase (chromosomes relax)
57
RNA Structure
Single-stranded, uracil, ribose sugar
58
Types of RNA
mRNA: messenger tRNA: transfer rRNA: ribosomal snRNA: small nuclear (spliceosomes)
59
Promoter Region
Recognition site where RNA polymerase knows where to start transcription (parts: enhancer, CAAT box, TATA box, cap site, promoter, proximal elements)
60
Transcription Factors (TFs)
controls rate of transcription through activators/repressors Activator- protein that binds to enhancers to determine "on" genes and speed of transcription Repressor- protein that binds to silencers to slow transcription
61
RNA Polymerase (+ types)
F: Synthesizes RNA from 5' to 3' via ester bonds (NO proofreading) Types: Polymerase I: rRNA I: mRNA, III: tRNA
62
Death Cap Mushroom (Alpha-Amanitin) case study
Dachshund puppy- lethargic, hypoglycemia Ingested mushroom, death 24-48 hours later Cause: shuts down mRNA transcription Toxicity phases: latency (initial symp), false recovery, liver failure, hepatic/renal failure
63
Transcription Strands
Template strand (anti-sense) Non-template strand (sense) = coding strand Must be present in mRNA since it has message
64
Splicing
Step of RNA processing before mRNA can be translated Splices out introns and joins exons of replicated strand
65
Introns
part of replicated RNA strand that don't code for protein, need to be spliced out
66
Spliceosome
bind exon to exon by splicing out introns in replicated RNA strand
67
Alternative Splicing
Exons are spliced in various combinations which code for different proteins No change in nucleotide, just segments included Ex. Drosophila (115 exons, 38,000 possible proteins)
68
Cis vs Trans Splicing
Cis: intramolecular (removes intron, join exons in same RNA) Trans: intermolecular (removes intron, join exons from different RNA)
69
RNA Editing
Process different than splicing which changes RNA transcription sequence (becomes different than DNA template) Ex: single nucleotide change = different protein

Cell Biology (6 decks)

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