Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell Biology > Exam 4 (Donnelly) > Flashcards

Exam 4 (Donnelly) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What phase of the cell cycle are most cells in?

A

G0 (turned on by GFs/inflammation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What push the cell cycle forward?

A

proto-oncogenes (normal genes that turn on cycle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

If genes are more functional or mutated, they become ____.

A

oncogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What stops/slows cell cycle?

A

tumor suppressor genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is KIT?

A

common mutation of oncogenes that leads to mast cell tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 6 hallmarks of cancer?

A
  1. sustain proliferative signaling
  2. evade growth suppressors
  3. activate invasion / metastasis
  4. enable replicative immortality
  5. induce angiogenesis
  6. resist cell death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which cancer hallmark is the most fundamental?

A

Sustain proliferative signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Two barriers to cancer having immortality?

A

senescence (being in irreversible, non-proliferative state of G0)
crisis (cell death)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does cancer avoid cell death (crisis)?

A

autophagy (eats itself)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Some cancers can add _____ using _____ (enzyme) to lengthen and divide longer than a normal cell.

A

Telomeres
Telomerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Angiogenic switch

A

point where vasculature sprouts new vessels toward cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the promoter of angiogenesis?

A

VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an inhibitor of angiogenesis?

A

TSP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions (EMTs)

A

cancer figures out how to move away from other cells and survive somewhere else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Therapy directed at antigen/molecule specific to tissue is _____

A

Targeted therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are two targets for targeted therapy of cancer?

A

Tumor Associate Antigens
Tumor Specific Antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tumor Associated Antigens

A

tumor overexpresses proteins on cell surface (still in normal cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tumor Specific Antigens

A

tumor cell has specific antigens (NOT in normal cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

every antibody finds same antigen (same binding site)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Antibody

A

protein that seeks out antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Drugs that end in ____ are monocloncal antibodies

A

Mab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

3 Mechanisms for Monoclonal Antibodies as Targeted Cancer Therapy

A
  1. antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity
  2. compliment-directed cytotoxicity
    3 stim apoptosis directly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity

A

NK (natural killer) cell binds to antibody
= stimulated & kills B cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Compliment directed cytotoxicity

A

antibodies stimulate cascade –> hole/leaky B cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

CD20

A

antigen/protein on surface of B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the example of CD20 directed monoclonal antibody targeted therapy?

A

Rituximab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does Rituximab treat?

A

B cell lymphomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the function of CD20?

A

B cell activation | proliferation/differentiation of B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Function of CD52

A

unknown cell surface glycoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Drug which targets CD52 in humans

A

Alemtuzumab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where is CD52 located?

A

B & T cells | monocytes | dendritic cells | sperm (NOT specific)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do small molecule drugs end in?

A

ib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Toceranib (Palladia) blocks which receptors? (and therefore blocking cell growth?)

A

KIT | PDGFRB (receptor tyrosine kinases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does Toceranib (Palladia) treat?

A

MCT in dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Two drugs that are small molecule inhibitors

A

Toceranib (Palladia)
Imatinib (Gleevec)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What receptors are blocked by Gleevec (Imatinib)?

A

KIT | PDGFRA/B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does (Imatinib) treat?

A

chronic leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What growth factor is secreted by tumor cells for angiogenesis?

A

VEGF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the function of Bevacizumab (Avastin)?

A

bind/destroy VEGF so it can’t bing to VEGFR = stops angiogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the function of Bevacizumab (Avastin)?

A

bind/destroy VEGF so it can’t bind to VEGFR = stops angiogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does EGFR do (epidermal growth factor receptor)?

A

dimerization –> cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

EGFR = _____

A

HER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What drug bind & inhibits EGFR/HER?

A

Trastuzumab (Herceptin)

44
Q

Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADC)

A

put toxic chemical on antibody so toxic drug kills cell

45
Q

Radioimmunoconjugates (RIC)

A

deliver radioactive substance to kill cancer directly

46
Q

What are two targeted radionucleotides for cancer treatment?

A

quadramet
iodine

47
Q

Using Quadramet, _____ is taken up by active bone and kills cancer.

A

phosphorus

48
Q

Iodine (radionucleotide treatment) treated what type of cancer?

A

thyroid cancer

49
Q

BBR2 upregulated in _____ cancer, using radio_____.

A

prostate
radiopeptides

50
Q

Local Disease

A

expand/destroy in certain area (NOT other locations)

51
Q

Systemic Disease

A

commonly in multiple places

52
Q

What is primary treatment of local disease?

A

surgery

53
Q

What is primary treatment of systemic disease?

A

chemotherapy

54
Q

Chemotherapy

A

treatment of disease w/ chemicals

55
Q

What is a cytotoxic drug?

A

toxic to inside of cell | causes DNA damage

56
Q

Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD)

A

highest dose that can be given without irreversible/unacceptable side effects

57
Q

Metronomic

A

giving a low dose of chemo over long period time

58
Q

(T/F) Metronomic chemotherapy is cytotoxic.

A

F

59
Q

Cells with _______ are most susceptible for cytotoxicity.

A

euchromatin (rapidly dividing cells)

60
Q

Gompertzian Growth Kinetics

A

demonstrates how cancer happens and progresses

61
Q

Angiogenic switch

A

threshold where cancer cell needs blood supply for continuous rapid growth

62
Q

Where is cancer most susceptible to chemo?

A

between angiogenic switch and above

63
Q

Threshold for Clinical Detection

A

part of gompertzian growth kinetics curve at plateau phase
cell growth falls, nutrient supply lacks, hard to grow at same rate due to its size

64
Q

What are the 3 types of rapidly dividing cells that are most affected by chemotherapy?

A

Bone Marrow
Hair Follicle Cells
GI cells

65
Q

What occurs due to bone marrow cell destruction by chemotherapy?

A

myelosuppression (low white cell count)

66
Q

What occurs due to hair follicle cells being destroyed by chemo?

A

alopecia

67
Q

What occurs due to GI cells being affected by chemo?

A

V+ / D+

68
Q

Chemo is (specific/nonspecific) to cell type.

A

nonspecific

69
Q

What is the term for lowest WBC count after chemo?

A

Nadir

70
Q

When is lowest WBC count seen after chemo?

A

7 days post-chemo

71
Q

When is GI injury/signs seen after chemo?

A

3-5 days post-chemo

72
Q

Mechanism for Alkylating Agents (chemo)

A

alkyl adducts (sticky parts) to DNA
prevent DNA replication/transcription

73
Q

What cell cycle are alkylating agents affecting?

A

non-specific | can affect any stage

74
Q

What two drugs are within alkylating agent class of chemo?

A

Cyclophosphamide
Lomustine

75
Q

What cancer do alkylating agents treat primarily?

A

lymphoma

76
Q

Cyclophosphamide side effect

A

sterile hemorrhagic cystitis

77
Q

Lomustine side effect

A

hepatotoxicity (liver)

78
Q

Antimetabolites chemo mechanism

A

fake DNA bases inhibit DNA base production –> prevent DNA replication

79
Q

What cell cycle phase is inhibited by antimetabolites?

A

S phase

80
Q

What are the 3 drugs within antimetabolites (chemo)?

A

5-FU
Cytosine Arabinoside
Rabacfosadine

81
Q

5-FU side effect

A

fatal neurotoxicity in cats

82
Q

What is specific about cytosine arabinoside?

A

crosses blood-brain barrier

83
Q

What does cytosine arabinoside treat?

A

CNS tumors

84
Q

What does Rabacfosadine treat?

A

lymphoma

85
Q

Side effect of Rabacfosadine

A

fatal pulmonary fibrosis

86
Q

Topoisomerase inhibitors (chemotherapy class) mechanism

A

DNA cannot unwind | generate free radicals which damage DNA

87
Q

What is the main drug within the topoisomerase inhibitor class?

A

Doxorubicin

88
Q

What are the two side effects of doxorubicin

A

cardiotoxicity | nephrotoxicity in cats

89
Q

What does doxorubicin treat?

A

any bad “omas”
lymphoma, sarcoma, carcinoma

90
Q

Anti-microtubule chemo class (vinca alkaloids) mechanism

A

inhibit microtubule assembly = death

91
Q

Side effects of vinca alkaloids (anti-microtubule chemo)

A

neuropathy & blistering

92
Q

What are the 2 main drugs that are anti-microtubules?

A

Vincristine
Vinblastine

93
Q

What does vincristine treat

A

lymphoma

94
Q

What does vinblastine treat

A

blasts masts! (MCT)

95
Q

Platinums / Cross-linking Agents (chemotherapy class) mechanism

A

DNA cross-linking (difficult to replicate)

96
Q

What are the two drugs that are platinums?

A

Cisplatin
Carboplatin

97
Q

What does cisplatin treat?

A

carcinoma/sarcoma

98
Q

What is the side effect to cisplatin in dogs?

A

nephrotoxicity

99
Q

What is the side effect of cisplatin in cats?

A

SPLATS cats = fatal pulmonary edema

100
Q

Carboplatin treats

A

osteosarcoma

101
Q

L-asparaginase mechanism

A

enzyme that cleaves asparagine –> aspartic acid

cancer cells cannot make own asparagine unlike normal cells

102
Q

What is a side effect of L-asparaginase over time?

A

anaphylactic reaction

103
Q

Signal Transduction Inhibitors (tyrosine kinase inhibitors) mechanism

A

block cell signaling surface receptors (KIT, VEGF, PDGF)

104
Q

What is the main drug that is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor?

A

TKIs (toceranib or palladia)

105
Q

What does toceranib (palladia) treat?

A

MCT

Cell Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions