Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Stress and Mental Health > Lectures 1 > Flashcards

Lectures 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Processive stressor

A

Stressor that requires mental processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Systemic stressor

A

Stressor from inside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does inflammation signal?

A

That an immune response has been activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where do you get a pathology when stressed?

A

Where you are vulnerable, at your weak link

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is proper diagnosis so important?

A

The same disease may have many different symptoms so a proper diagnosis can be paramount for proper treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What makes a valid animal model (3)

A
  1. The symptoms that are present in humans are also present in the animal
  2. Similar physiology
  3. Similar response to treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2-Hit Hypothesis

A

A first hit of a stressor might not cause the illness, the second hit makes it more likely until eventually something pushes you over the edge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

“The straw that broke the camel’s back” is similar to what hypothesis?

A

2 Hit Hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Low control is:

A

more stressful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the result of ambiguity/uncertainty?

A

Some people can handle this, but others cannot and it causes more stress (anxiety)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why do cellphones make us more stressed?

A

Because when it goes off we have to look at it or else it makes us go more crazy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What gauges the severity of a stressor (3)

A

Predictability
Frequency
Duration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Traits vs States

A

Traits = Fixed and permanent
States = Situation dependent
(But are influenced by traits)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does it mean when a disease is poly-genetic

A

It means that it is caused by more than one gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Epistatic Interaction

A

A gene may be there but it will not express itself unless another gene is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Epistasis

A

When there is an interaction between two genes that results in a pathology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pleiotropy

A

When one gene can have more than one phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Comorbidity

A

When more than one illness occurs together (one does not necessarily cause the other)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Biomarker

A

When there is a phenotype linked to an illness

–> Can predict the likelihood of illness based on presence of biomarker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type of research design is used to determine how much of a trait or illness is genetic or environment?

A

Use twin studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the ratio of depression in women as compared to men?

A

2:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Who is more responsive to stressors?

A

women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which type of stressors are men more responsive to?

A

Competitive stressors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 2 systems for decision making>

A
  1. Fast system - quick, heuristics, based on prior experience
  2. Slow System - more critical and deeper thinking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Does priming work?

A

Yes but the priming stimulus has to be obvious, it does not work if it is subtle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is an anchor in decision making?

A

Where the “bar” is set

It keeps you in place and gives you direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Coping style

A

How you cope most of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Coping Strategy

A

How you plan to cope with a specific stressor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which coping strategy is best most of the time?

A

Problem focused coping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which coping strategy is typically the worst?

A

Rumination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the ultimate way to cope?

A

Use a combination of coping strategies and be flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Forgiveness vs Forbearance

A 
Forgiveness = I have let this go 
Forbearance = I will give you another chance but you better not do it again
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are 2 important characteristics of social support?

A
  1. Informative - provide information

2. Tangible - be physically present (shoulder to cry on)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is it important that you have with a person for the most effective social support?

A

A personal connection / something in common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are unsupportive interactions

A

When you expect to get support and you are let down.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is one of the strongest social stressors?

A

Social rejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Adaptation in predictable stressors

A

You can adapt and you are better able to deal with the stressor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Adaptation in unpredictable stressors

A

You cannot adapt and it becomes harder to cope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is sensitization?

A

When you encounter a stressor, neurochemical changes take place to help you deal with it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

If you cope with something instantly, it is a stressor?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Homeostasis is like what stress process

A

Allostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Allostatic Overload

A

The wear and tear on the body and brain as a result of chronic stressors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

2 ways allostatic overload affects stress response

A
  1. Too much cortisol kills hippocampal cells so they cannot turn off HPA axis
  2. The NT are used up and cells are depleted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Which age is more sensitive to chronic stressors and why?

A

Children because they do not understand what is happening so they cannot use cognitive re-construal to cope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What personality characteristics affect coping

A

Locus of control
Self esteem
Self efficacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How can the way we form memories help us cope?

A

We tend to remember ourselves in a positive light

47
Q

Regulatory genes

A

Genes that dictate how and when other genes will be expressed

48
Q

Polymorphism

A

Any mutation that affects more than 1% of the population

49
Q

What does SNP stand for?

A

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

50
Q

Why is it hard to link SNPs to pathology?

A

Because there are so many SNPs on a single gene

51
Q

Endophenotype treatments

A

Tying a phenotype to a specific gene

> If we can figure out what symptoms are related to what gene we will be better able to use targeted treatments.

52
Q

What things on genes would allow treatments to be tailored to specific people?

A

Biomarkers

53
Q

What is the RDOC

A

It is a substitution for the DSM

54
Q

Methylation vs acetylation

A 
Methylation = silence 
Acetylation = amplified
55
Q

What shortens with each cell replication that makes mutations more likely?

A

Telomeres

56
Q

What is programmed cell death called

A

Apoptosis

57
Q

If apoptosis does not occur, what is the result?

A

The cell can become cancerous

58
Q

Advantagous mutations are passed on through the generations, what is this called

A

Natural selection

59
Q

What is an example of a disease that can have selective advantages?

A

Sickle cell anemia

60
Q

Why are stress responses so large

A

Because when you are in danger we need a large burst of energy to deal with the threat

61
Q

What hormone is needed to initiate an immune response?

A

Norepinephrine

62
Q

What percent of epigenetic changes are said to be permanent?

A

5%

63
Q

When do most epigenetic changes occur?

A

During development

64
Q

Can epigenetic changes be passed onto children?

A

Not often but some can

> More from mothers but it an be passed on from fathers

65
Q

Synergism

A

When drugs have multiplicative effects when they interact with one another
(more than just adding the effects of the parts)

66
Q

What is the primary stress system?

A

Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

67
Q

What is the mechanism of the HPA axis/

A
  • PFC stops exerting control over amygdala
  • Amygdala stimulates hypothalamus to release CRH
  • CRH stimulates pituitary and releases ACTH
  • ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol
68
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in the stress response?

A

PFC is involved in appraisals. When it processes situations as non-threatening it exerts inhibitory control over the amygdala which prevents the HPA axis from being triggered.
If the PFC processes stimulus as a threat, it releases control over amygdala and the HPA axis is activated

69
Q

Cortisol along with what other hormone give you more energy. How do you get more energy?

A

Norepinephrine

They cause free fatty acids to be released which gives you an added energy source

70
Q

What kinds of foods will you choose to eat when cortisol is released

A

High calorie foods

71
Q

Why is white fat bad for you and where do we typically carry white fat?

A

it is bad for you because it contains cytokines (inflammatory factors) that can be released into the blood and damage the heart
Typically carried in the gut

72
Q

How does the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis harm the hippocampus

A

It works like the HPA axis where the hippocampus is the switch for the negative feedback loop. Additionally, too much will kill the hippocampal cells
> Why steroids are dangerous

73
Q

Sensitization stress response to every day stressors vs salient stressors

A

Everyday stressors = the body down regulates the stress response
Salient stressor = the stress response will become hyper reactive

74
Q

We forget fear and pain but we do not forget ____

A

shame/humiliation

75
Q

Which 2 emotions causes the biggest cortisol response?

A

Shame and anger

76
Q

Does anxiety have a large effect on cortisol?

A

No, it only rises it ~40%

77
Q

Anxiety disorders seen in adults may have developed when?

A

In childhood or even prenatally

78
Q

The brain is only __% at birth compared to adulthood, so that suggests what?

A

60%

It is very sensitive and things can come along and disturb its growth

79
Q

Teratogen

A

Anything that can cause a disturbance or malformation of the brain, organs, or limbs

80
Q

The earlier the disruption occurs the ______

A

larger the effect will be

81
Q

What two main hormones can affect the developing brain?

A

CHR and cortisol

82
Q

What are the 3 main sex hormones?

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone

83
Q

Which hormone is involved in salt production?

A

Aldosterone

84
Q

What happens is there is not enough aldosterone?

A

There will be a salt deficiency and as a result no other processes will be possible (like reproduction)

85
Q

Does women’s higher stress reactivity mean they are more emotionally reactive/

A

not necessarily

86
Q

What does it mean to say that estrogen is neuro-protective?

A

There is less of a stress response with high levels of estrogen and it has powerful effects on the immune system

87
Q

Women are most likely to develop what pathologies?

A

Depression, anxiety, autoimmune disorders (except type 1 diabetes)

88
Q

Alricial vs Precocial

A 
Altricial = when born young are still dependent on mothers 
Precocial = when born young are relatively mature
89
Q

Oxytocin is known as:

A

the bonding hormone

90
Q

What two hormones are needed for animal imprinting?

A

Oxytocin and prolactin

91
Q

Animals who have pair bonded have higher levels of what hormone?

A

Oxytocin

92
Q

Oxytocin causes tend and ____ in females

tend and ____ in males

A

Befriend (females)

Defend (males)

93
Q

With the presence of oxytocin, events are processed as more________

A

Salient/meaningful

94
Q

How is oxytocin affected if abused in childhood

A

There will be a decrease in oxytocin levels as a protective mechanism

95
Q

How does the negative feedback loop on presynaptic cells work?

A

Autoreceptors regulate the release of NT

  • If low, make more
  • If high, stop producing
96
Q

How does reuptake affect signal duration

A

It determines how long the NT are in the synapse and as a result determines how long the NT are having an effect

97
Q

Are the elements that cause a disease always what keeps it going?

A

No, one thing could start a disease and another thing could prolong it

98
Q

If a drug works to modify a system and that relieves a symptom, was that system the cause of the disease?

A

Usually not

Ex. SSRIs and depression

99
Q

What can be a bad thing about treating a symptom?

A

Because it can make it seem like it is cured

100
Q

Main excitatory NT

A

Glutamate

101
Q

Main inhibitory NT

A

GABA

102
Q

Why is inhibition important for attention?

A

It allows us to selectively attend to the important information and not get lost in the noise

103
Q

GABA receptors are made up of how many sub units

A

5

104
Q

What is the relationship between GABA receptor subunits and drugs?

A

The composition of the receptor (subunits) determines what drug is able to act on it

105
Q

Glutamate Storm

A

When there is an excess of glutamate and it causes cells to die

106
Q

At rest what is the state of the GABA receptors?

A

The subunits are in harmony

107
Q

What happens to the state of the GABA receptors when under stress?

A

The subunits become asynchronous

108
Q

GABA concentrations under mild stress

A

More GABA

|&raquo_space; results in more inhibition and more ability to concentrate

109
Q

GABA and Glutamate concentrations under chronic stress

A

Less GABA
> less inhibition = more randomness
More Glutamate
> can be toxic

110
Q

Does each NT have only one effect?

A

No, it has different effects depending on what region the hormone is in

111
Q

If you take a drug to act on a NT, does it only affect a targeted region?

A

No, it will affect all of that hormone all over the brain

> Could produce undesired affects

112
Q

When under a chronic stressor, how do the neurons keep up with the demands?

A

More NT are released, so more NT are synthesized
» But eventually the body will run out
–> Allostatic overload

113
Q

3 consequences of allostatic overload

A
  1. Cell death
  2. Cells can no longer operate because there are no more resources
  3. Social Overload
114
Q

What is social overload?

A

When the stressor comes from a broken society but the problem is so great that an individual has no control and cannot do anything about the situation

Stress and Mental Health (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions