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Kinesiology 232 > Lectures 1-4 > Flashcards

Lectures 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Sociology

A

The study of social life, including all forms of social interaction and relationships

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2
Q

Culture

A

Ways of life people create in a specific group or society at a particular time and place

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3
Q

Society

A

Collection of people living in a defined geographical territory and united through a political system and a shared sense of self-identification that distinguishes them from others

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4
Q

Units of Sociological Analysis

A

Macro, Micro and Individual Level

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5
Q

Macro Level

A

Unit of sociological analysis, based on norms, values, roles in society and social institutions

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6
Q

Micro Level

A

Unit of sociological analysis, based on groups

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7
Q

Individual Level

A

Unit of sociological analysis, based on thoughts and believes are influenced by others

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8
Q

Epidemiology

A

The primary focus of epidemiology is not on the individuals but on the patterns and causes of disease

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9
Q

Social Epidemiology

A

Role of the behavioural, social, psychological, economic, cultural, and social structural factors and the occurrence of health and health problems in groups and populations, and in the development of the risk factors that contribute to health problems.

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10
Q

Social Structural Factors

A

Encompass positive and negative factors within society’s structures that influence peoples abilities to participate fully in their social surroundings

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11
Q

What are Race, Age, Gender, Sexual Orientation & Social Class?

A

Social Structural Factors

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12
Q

Health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease

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13
Q

Risk Factors of health

A

Increase the chance of onset of disease or injury ex) physical activity

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14
Q

Physical Activity

A

Any body movement produced by skeletal muscle that results in a substantial increase in over resting energy expenditure

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15
Q

Exercise

A

Planned, structured and repetitive physical activity designed to improve or maintain at least one component of physical activity

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16
Q

Leisure-time Physical Activity

A

Activity done in one’s free time that leads to a substantial increase in total daily energy expenditure

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17
Q

Physical Fittness

A

A set of attributes/ characteristics that people have or achieve that relates to their abilities to perform physical activity

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18
Q

Health-related components of fitness

A

Affected by regular physical activity and relate to health status

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19
Q

Five health-related components of fitness

A

1) Aerobic Endurance
2) Muscular Endurance
3) Muscular Strength
4) Flexibility
5) Body Composition

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20
Q

Performance-related components of fitness

A

Affected by regular physical activity and relate to performance. Used to maintain health related goals of fitness.

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21
Q

Five performance-related components of fitness

A

1) Muscular Power
2) Speed
3) Agility
4) Balance
5) Reaction Time

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22
Q

Sport

A

A form of leisure-time physical activity that is planned, structured and competitive

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23
Q

Active Living

A

A way of life in which physical activity is valued and integrated into daily living

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24
Q

Activity Guidelines: Adults 18-64 yrs

A
  • 150 minutes/week (bouts of 10 min or more)
  • Moderate to vigorous intensity
  • Muscle & bone strengthening at least 2 days/week
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25
Q

Activity Guidelines: Adults 65 plus

A
  • 150 minutes/ week (bouts of 10 min or more)
  • Moderate to vigorous intensity
  • Muscle strengthening at least 2 days/week
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26
Q

Activity Guidelines: Children 5-11 Youth 12-17

A
  • 60 minutes/day
  • moderate to vigorous intensity
  • activities that strengthen muscle and bone 3 days/week
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27
Q

Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines: Children 5-11 Youth 12-17

A
  • minimize time being sedentary
  • limit screen time to no more than 2 hrs /day
  • limit sedentary (motorized) transport
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28
Q

How many adults (20 plus) engage in regular moderate physical activity (walking 30 min each day)?

A

49%

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29
Q

How many women are inactive?

A

54%

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30
Q

How many men are inactive?

A

48%

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31
Q

How many people begin an exercise program but drop out within 6 months?

A

50%

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32
Q

How many youth (12-17) are physically inactive during their leisure time (less than one hour of walking/day) ?

A

51%

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33
Q

How many youth (12-17) do not meet international recommendations for optimal growth and development (2 hours of walking/day) ?

A

79%

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34
Q

How many youth have never participated in organized sports?

A

42%

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35
Q

How many of the youth’s health is threatened because of high levels of physical activity?

A

63%

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36
Q

Social Class

A

Categories of people who share a position in society based on a combination of their income, wealth, education, occupation and social connections

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37
Q

Why does social class exist in all industrial countries?

A

Economic equalities and differences in life chances always exist in industrial countries

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38
Q

What are the social classes in Canada?

A

Upper, Middle, working and lower class

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39
Q

Social gradient

A

Consistent association between social class position and health status.

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40
Q

Most powerful Class

A

Upper

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41
Q

Subdivisions of Upper Class

A

1) Upper-upper class

2) Lower-upper class

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42
Q

Upper- Upper Class

A

Come from prominent families, which possess great wealth that they have held for several generations

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43
Q

Lower- Upper Class

A

People who may be extremely wealthy through their own endeavors but who have not attained the same prestige as the upper-upper class

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44
Q

Middle Class

A

characterised by minimum of a high school diploma or a community college degree

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45
Q

White Collar Workers

A

Categorized into middle class. Non manual labour

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46
Q

Blue Collar Workers

A

Categorized into middle class. Perform manual labour

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47
Q

Middle Class Squeeze

A

threats in recent years of lack of income growth, higher taxes, higher education costs, and higher shelter costs

48
Q

Working class

A

composed of all blue collar workers (labour)

49
Q

Subdivisions of Lower Class

A

1) Working Poor

2) Underclass

50
Q

Working Poor

A
  • Subdivision of lower class

- live from just above to just below poverty line

51
Q

Underclass

A
  • Subdivision of lower class

- people who are poor and seldom employed

52
Q

Inequity

A

create and sustain differences in opportunity (start line)

53
Q

Inequality

A

outcomes of inequities

54
Q

Properties of Social Determinants

A
  • can exist at multiple levels
  • can add up
  • be negative or protective
55
Q

Levels of Social determinants

A

1) Individual
2) Local Community
3) Societal

56
Q

Individual Level of Social Determinants

A

I am socially isolated

57
Q

Local Community Level of Social Determinants

A

Our neighborhood is poor

58
Q

Societal Level of Social Determinants

A

Unemployment is high

59
Q

Social Injustice

A

The denial or violation of economic, sociocultural, political, civil, or human rights of specific populations or groups in the society based on the perception of their inferiority by those with more power of influence

60
Q

What does social injustice represent?

A

A lack of fairness and equity, due to discrimination by groups or individuals within society

61
Q

What does social injustice lead to?

A

Increased rates of physical activity

62
Q

Chronic disease accounts for how many deaths in Canada?

A

89%

63
Q

Poverty Line

A

People who spend more than 70% of their income on essentials (food, shelter, clothing)

64
Q

Rugged Individualism

A

Belief in the importance of the individual and the virtue of self-reliance and personal independence. Exhibited through overcoming odds/obstacles and continual striving

65
Q

Victim-Blaming

A

The individual is soley responsible for his/her health

66
Q

Two Beliefs for Individual Lifestyle changing

A

1) System is grounded in rugged individualism

2) The greatest enemy to the health of the individual is the individual him/her self

67
Q

Prejudice

A

Attitude towards members of some group based soley on their membership in that group

68
Q

Discrimination

A

Unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice

69
Q

Dominant Group (Majority Group)

A

A group who controls access to social powers

70
Q

Subordinate Group (Minority Group)

A

Any group that is disadvantaged with respect to a dominant group in terms of social status, education, employment, wealth and political power

71
Q

Dominant Ideology

A

A set of common values, beliefs or ideas shared by most people in a given society, framing how the majority think about a range of topics

72
Q

What is dominant ideology built upon?

A

perspectives and ideas favored/ promoted by the dominant groups in society and serves their interest

73
Q

What does dominant ideology justify?

A

The prevailing distribution of wealth, power and privilege

74
Q

Norms

A

A rule that is socially enforced and involves an expected standard of behaviour and beliefs established by a dominant group

75
Q

Forms of Discrimination

A

De jure, De facto, Ex post facto, Overt, Covert, Interpersonal, Institutional

76
Q

De Jure

A

Form of discrimination mandated by law (segregation, slavery, hate crimes)

77
Q

De Facto

A

Form of discrimination without legal basis but sanctioned and evidenced by custom or practice (underrepresentation of racial minorities and women in clinical positions in sports)

78
Q

Ex Post Facto

A

Form of discrimination after the event has occurred

79
Q

Overt

A

Form of discrimination that is obvious and blatant

80
Q

Covert

A

Form of discrimination that is subtle

81
Q

Interpersonal

A

Form of discrimination between individuals with one person discriminating against another person

82
Q

Institutional

A

Form of discrimination that biases and oppression that are structured into out institutions (media; men vs women)

83
Q

Sexism

A

oppression based on gender

84
Q

Heterosexism

A

A form of discrimination that favours heterosexual over the people over people with other sexual orientations

85
Q

What does heterosexism arise from?

A

The assumption that heterosexuality is inherently normal and superior(white, males) and negates lives of lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgendered (LGBT) people’s lives

86
Q

Gender Logic

A

Process in which social rules attempt to organize the relationship of women and men in societies

87
Q

2 Categories of Gender Logic

A

1) Males

2) Females

88
Q

Social Construction

A

An idea which may appear to be natural and obvious to those who accept it, but in reality, it is an invention of a particular culture or society

89
Q

Foundation for Gender

A

Different normative expectations when it comes to thoughts, feelings and behaviours (masculine vs feminine)

90
Q

Sex

A

Biological and physical characteristics

91
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

Behaviour, desire and identification

92
Q

Femininity

A

Socially constructed set of characteristics that define an “ideal woman” (modest, grateful)

93
Q

Masculinity

A

Socially constructed set of characteristics that define an “ideal type” of masculinity (powerful, rationale)

94
Q

Deviant

A

People who don’t fit into being masculine or feminine.

95
Q

Foundation for Homophobia

A

No social space or recognition for people who are not heterosexual female or male

96
Q

Homophobia

A

A generalized fear or intolerance of lesbians, gay men or bisexual people

97
Q

What is homophobia expressed in terms of?

A

Prejudice, discrimination, harassment, violence of those identified as homosexual or bisexual

98
Q

How does gender logic influence female’s and male’s participation in physical activity?

A
  • Physical activities preserve gender logic
  • activities that involve physical power and toughness, intimidation and aggression reinforce the notion of masculinity
  • activities involving grace, beauty and coordination reinforce the notion of femininity
99
Q

Reasons for increase in participation of girls and women in physical activity

A

1) New Opportunities
2) Government Equal Rights Legislation
3) Global Women Rights Movement
4) Expanding Health & Fitness Movement
5) Increased Media Coverage of Women in Sports

100
Q

Factors that influence the future pace and extent of sports participation among women and girls

A

1) Budget Cutbacks & Privatization of Sport Programs
2) Under-Representation of Women in decision making positions in sports
3) Continued Emphasis on cosmetic fitness
4) Trivialization of women’s sports
5) Homophobia and the threat of being labeled a lesbian

101
Q

Race

A

People divide humans into racial categories based on social meanings given to biological traits

102
Q

Ethnicity

A

Involves being socially distinct due to cultural and or nationally based heritage

103
Q

What are traditional racial categories based on?

A

Social meanings give to physical similarities and differences, not biology

104
Q

Racism

A

Belief that race is the basic determinate of human abilities

105
Q

What happens when people of certain races fall our of their expected standards of behaviour?

A

Become marginalized and expected to try and fit in

106
Q

Conspicuous Consumption (Upper Class)

A

Using physical activity as a means of showing off privileged position

107
Q

Social Exclusivity (Upper Class)

A

Encouraging only a small number of acceptable participants

108
Q

Control Over Time (Upper Class)

A

flexibility in work hours

109
Q

Community Sponsorship (Middle Class)

A

Young and old participate

110
Q

Structured Leisure (Middle Class)

A

Sport and exercise are regulated around work times

111
Q

Home-Based Physical Activity (Middle Class)

A

Workout videos, TV shows, cardiovascular and strength training machines

112
Q

Physical Activity Related to a Job (Working Class)

A

Blue Collar workers

113
Q

Rejection of workplace fitness programs (Working Class)

A

exercise during work

114
Q

Prole Sports (Working Class)

A

Avoided by upper class and therefore associated with working class

115
Q

Lower Class Physical Activity

A
  • Low and often no participation rates
  • Participation usually occurs at church, school, etc
  • not affordable
  • Made up activities (WWE)
  • emphasise violence

Kinesiology 232 (2 decks)

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