Lectures 1-4 Flashcards
Sociology
The study of social life, including all forms of social interaction and relationships
Culture
Ways of life people create in a specific group or society at a particular time and place
Society
Collection of people living in a defined geographical territory and united through a political system and a shared sense of self-identification that distinguishes them from others
Units of Sociological Analysis
Macro, Micro and Individual Level
Macro Level
Unit of sociological analysis, based on norms, values, roles in society and social institutions
Micro Level
Unit of sociological analysis, based on groups
Individual Level
Unit of sociological analysis, based on thoughts and believes are influenced by others
Epidemiology
The primary focus of epidemiology is not on the individuals but on the patterns and causes of disease
Social Epidemiology
Role of the behavioural, social, psychological, economic, cultural, and social structural factors and the occurrence of health and health problems in groups and populations, and in the development of the risk factors that contribute to health problems.
Social Structural Factors
Encompass positive and negative factors within society’s structures that influence peoples abilities to participate fully in their social surroundings
What are Race, Age, Gender, Sexual Orientation & Social Class?
Social Structural Factors
Health
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease
Risk Factors of health
Increase the chance of onset of disease or injury ex) physical activity
Physical Activity
Any body movement produced by skeletal muscle that results in a substantial increase in over resting energy expenditure
Exercise
Planned, structured and repetitive physical activity designed to improve or maintain at least one component of physical activity
Leisure-time Physical Activity
Activity done in one’s free time that leads to a substantial increase in total daily energy expenditure
Physical Fittness
A set of attributes/ characteristics that people have or achieve that relates to their abilities to perform physical activity
Health-related components of fitness
Affected by regular physical activity and relate to health status
Five health-related components of fitness
1) Aerobic Endurance
2) Muscular Endurance
3) Muscular Strength
4) Flexibility
5) Body Composition
Performance-related components of fitness
Affected by regular physical activity and relate to performance. Used to maintain health related goals of fitness.
Five performance-related components of fitness
1) Muscular Power
2) Speed
3) Agility
4) Balance
5) Reaction Time
Sport
A form of leisure-time physical activity that is planned, structured and competitive
Active Living
A way of life in which physical activity is valued and integrated into daily living
Activity Guidelines: Adults 18-64 yrs
- 150 minutes/week (bouts of 10 min or more)
- Moderate to vigorous intensity
- Muscle & bone strengthening at least 2 days/week
Activity Guidelines: Adults 65 plus
- 150 minutes/ week (bouts of 10 min or more)
- Moderate to vigorous intensity
- Muscle strengthening at least 2 days/week
Activity Guidelines: Children 5-11 Youth 12-17
- 60 minutes/day
- moderate to vigorous intensity
- activities that strengthen muscle and bone 3 days/week
Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines: Children 5-11 Youth 12-17
- minimize time being sedentary
- limit screen time to no more than 2 hrs /day
- limit sedentary (motorized) transport
How many adults (20 plus) engage in regular moderate physical activity (walking 30 min each day)?
49%
How many women are inactive?
54%
How many men are inactive?
48%
How many people begin an exercise program but drop out within 6 months?
50%
How many youth (12-17) are physically inactive during their leisure time (less than one hour of walking/day) ?
51%
How many youth (12-17) do not meet international recommendations for optimal growth and development (2 hours of walking/day) ?
79%
How many youth have never participated in organized sports?
42%
How many of the youth’s health is threatened because of high levels of physical activity?
63%
Social Class
Categories of people who share a position in society based on a combination of their income, wealth, education, occupation and social connections
Why does social class exist in all industrial countries?
Economic equalities and differences in life chances always exist in industrial countries
What are the social classes in Canada?
Upper, Middle, working and lower class
Social gradient
Consistent association between social class position and health status.
Most powerful Class
Upper
Subdivisions of Upper Class
1) Upper-upper class
2) Lower-upper class
Upper- Upper Class
Come from prominent families, which possess great wealth that they have held for several generations
Lower- Upper Class
People who may be extremely wealthy through their own endeavors but who have not attained the same prestige as the upper-upper class
Middle Class
characterised by minimum of a high school diploma or a community college degree
White Collar Workers
Categorized into middle class. Non manual labour
Blue Collar Workers
Categorized into middle class. Perform manual labour
Middle Class Squeeze
threats in recent years of lack of income growth, higher taxes, higher education costs, and higher shelter costs
Working class
composed of all blue collar workers (labour)
Subdivisions of Lower Class
1) Working Poor
2) Underclass
Working Poor
- Subdivision of lower class
- live from just above to just below poverty line
Underclass
- Subdivision of lower class
- people who are poor and seldom employed
Inequity
create and sustain differences in opportunity (start line)
Inequality
outcomes of inequities
Properties of Social Determinants
- can exist at multiple levels
- can add up
- be negative or protective
Levels of Social determinants
1) Individual
2) Local Community
3) Societal
Individual Level of Social Determinants
I am socially isolated
Local Community Level of Social Determinants
Our neighborhood is poor
Societal Level of Social Determinants
Unemployment is high
Social Injustice
The denial or violation of economic, sociocultural, political, civil, or human rights of specific populations or groups in the society based on the perception of their inferiority by those with more power of influence
What does social injustice represent?
A lack of fairness and equity, due to discrimination by groups or individuals within society
What does social injustice lead to?
Increased rates of physical activity
Chronic disease accounts for how many deaths in Canada?
89%
Poverty Line
People who spend more than 70% of their income on essentials (food, shelter, clothing)
Rugged Individualism
Belief in the importance of the individual and the virtue of self-reliance and personal independence. Exhibited through overcoming odds/obstacles and continual striving
Victim-Blaming
The individual is soley responsible for his/her health
Two Beliefs for Individual Lifestyle changing
1) System is grounded in rugged individualism
2) The greatest enemy to the health of the individual is the individual him/her self
Prejudice
Attitude towards members of some group based soley on their membership in that group
Discrimination
Unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice
Dominant Group (Majority Group)
A group who controls access to social powers
Subordinate Group (Minority Group)
Any group that is disadvantaged with respect to a dominant group in terms of social status, education, employment, wealth and political power
Dominant Ideology
A set of common values, beliefs or ideas shared by most people in a given society, framing how the majority think about a range of topics
What is dominant ideology built upon?
perspectives and ideas favored/ promoted by the dominant groups in society and serves their interest
What does dominant ideology justify?
The prevailing distribution of wealth, power and privilege
Norms
A rule that is socially enforced and involves an expected standard of behaviour and beliefs established by a dominant group
Forms of Discrimination
De jure, De facto, Ex post facto, Overt, Covert, Interpersonal, Institutional
De Jure
Form of discrimination mandated by law (segregation, slavery, hate crimes)
De Facto
Form of discrimination without legal basis but sanctioned and evidenced by custom or practice (underrepresentation of racial minorities and women in clinical positions in sports)
Ex Post Facto
Form of discrimination after the event has occurred
Overt
Form of discrimination that is obvious and blatant
Covert
Form of discrimination that is subtle
Interpersonal
Form of discrimination between individuals with one person discriminating against another person
Institutional
Form of discrimination that biases and oppression that are structured into out institutions (media; men vs women)
Sexism
oppression based on gender
Heterosexism
A form of discrimination that favours heterosexual over the people over people with other sexual orientations
What does heterosexism arise from?
The assumption that heterosexuality is inherently normal and superior(white, males) and negates lives of lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgendered (LGBT) people’s lives
Gender Logic
Process in which social rules attempt to organize the relationship of women and men in societies
2 Categories of Gender Logic
1) Males
2) Females
Social Construction
An idea which may appear to be natural and obvious to those who accept it, but in reality, it is an invention of a particular culture or society
Foundation for Gender
Different normative expectations when it comes to thoughts, feelings and behaviours (masculine vs feminine)
Sex
Biological and physical characteristics
Sexual Orientation
Behaviour, desire and identification
Femininity
Socially constructed set of characteristics that define an “ideal woman” (modest, grateful)
Masculinity
Socially constructed set of characteristics that define an “ideal type” of masculinity (powerful, rationale)
Deviant
People who don’t fit into being masculine or feminine.
Foundation for Homophobia
No social space or recognition for people who are not heterosexual female or male
Homophobia
A generalized fear or intolerance of lesbians, gay men or bisexual people
What is homophobia expressed in terms of?
Prejudice, discrimination, harassment, violence of those identified as homosexual or bisexual
How does gender logic influence female’s and male’s participation in physical activity?
- Physical activities preserve gender logic
- activities that involve physical power and toughness, intimidation and aggression reinforce the notion of masculinity
- activities involving grace, beauty and coordination reinforce the notion of femininity
Reasons for increase in participation of girls and women in physical activity
1) New Opportunities
2) Government Equal Rights Legislation
3) Global Women Rights Movement
4) Expanding Health & Fitness Movement
5) Increased Media Coverage of Women in Sports
Factors that influence the future pace and extent of sports participation among women and girls
1) Budget Cutbacks & Privatization of Sport Programs
2) Under-Representation of Women in decision making positions in sports
3) Continued Emphasis on cosmetic fitness
4) Trivialization of women’s sports
5) Homophobia and the threat of being labeled a lesbian
Race
People divide humans into racial categories based on social meanings given to biological traits
Ethnicity
Involves being socially distinct due to cultural and or nationally based heritage
What are traditional racial categories based on?
Social meanings give to physical similarities and differences, not biology
Racism
Belief that race is the basic determinate of human abilities
What happens when people of certain races fall our of their expected standards of behaviour?
Become marginalized and expected to try and fit in
Conspicuous Consumption (Upper Class)
Using physical activity as a means of showing off privileged position
Social Exclusivity (Upper Class)
Encouraging only a small number of acceptable participants
Control Over Time (Upper Class)
flexibility in work hours
Community Sponsorship (Middle Class)
Young and old participate
Structured Leisure (Middle Class)
Sport and exercise are regulated around work times
Home-Based Physical Activity (Middle Class)
Workout videos, TV shows, cardiovascular and strength training machines
Physical Activity Related to a Job (Working Class)
Blue Collar workers
Rejection of workplace fitness programs (Working Class)
exercise during work
Prole Sports (Working Class)
Avoided by upper class and therefore associated with working class
Lower Class Physical Activity
- Low and often no participation rates
- Participation usually occurs at church, school, etc
- not affordable
- Made up activities (WWE)
- emphasise violence
