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Kinesiology 232 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are some types of social institutions?

A
  • Family
  • School
  • Work
  • Health-Care
  • Community
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2
Q

What do social institutions aid in passing on to the next generation?

A

Set of values, norms, expectations and solutions

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3
Q

2 things that values, norms, expectations and or solutions can be:

A
  1. Legally or externally enforced by a social institutions (law enforcement)
  2. Self-Enforced by social conventions (norms, culture, relationships)
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4
Q

3 ways in which the family impacts physical activity:

A
  1. Serve as behavioural role models
  2. Instill a sense of competency in children
  3. Provide social support
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5
Q

Family members as behavioural role models:

A

Children share the same health habits as their parents

ex) smoking, obesity, dental care, seat belt use

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6
Q

Family members instilling a sense of competency in children

A
  • Belief that child will be successful

- Increasing believe that they will be good increases physical activity levels

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7
Q

2 things that children with higher perceived competence levels do:

A
  1. Describe parents as positive exercise role models

2. Perceived less pressure to perform from parent

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8
Q

Family members providing social support

A
  • Hard for parents to balance work and family responsibilities
  • Little time for their own participation in physical activity
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9
Q

4 types of social support:

A
  1. Emotional
  2. Instrumental
  3. Informational
  4. Companionship
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10
Q

Emotional Support

A

Parents being able to talk to about fears, worries and problems (helping the child feel understood and accepted)

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11
Q

Instrumental Support

A

Parents being able to provide actual assistance to the child
ex) driving to practice, financial assistance

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12
Q

Informational Support

A

Parents being able to provide useful information and make suggestions about relevant resources and courses of action
ex) parent coaching you

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13
Q

Companionship Support

A

Parents being available for companionship when doing various kinds of leisure time activity including physical activity
ex) biking with parents

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14
Q

What parent is more likely to put greater emphasis on success with physical activity?

A

Fathers

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15
Q

What is the problem with over-involved parents?

A

Become too emotionally involved and end up damaging relationships in the family

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16
Q

What one reason children drop out of sports?

A

Parental pressure, not fun, too much emphasis on winning

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17
Q

3 reasons for the influence of peer groups:

A
  1. Common interests that represent issues critical in their lives
  2. Provide guidelines for important aspects of life
  3. Since peer groups are voluntary, they hold the threat of expulsion
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18
Q

What did Emily Durkheim conclude?

A

Unmarried men and women are more likely to commit suicide than married men and women

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19
Q

2 health advantages married women have over single people:

A
  1. Social support

2. Social control

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20
Q

Social Support

A

Supportive relationship, social ties and intimacies promote psychological well-being

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21
Q

Social Control

A

People in marital relationships are less likely to engage in health destructive behaviours because they have a commitment and responsibility to their spouse

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22
Q

What are the top 5 reasons for divorce?

A
  1. Different values/interests
  2. Abuse
  3. Alcohol/ Drugs
  4. Infidelity
  5. Career-related Conflict
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23
Q

Same-Sex Families and Physical Activity

A

Same sex families may provide an environment that is more conducive to active lifestyles

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24
Q

Single Parent Families and Physical Activity

A

Children from single parent families are less active and participate in sedentary lifestyles

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25
Q

3 reasons why social isolation impacts health:

A
  1. Anxiety arousal and stress (high blood pressure)
  2. Reduced social support and social control for health behaviours
  3. Social ties linking people with social networks and access to health resources
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26
Q

Family Caregiver

A

An informal, non-paid arrangement of care of a family member or friend who has a physical or mental disability, is chronically ill, or is frail in the home rather than a health setting

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27
Q

3 ways to increase physical activity:

A
  1. Make changes to routines (transportation, active play, organized sport)
  2. Target children in most need (adolescent girls, disabled, low income, etc)
  3. Expand social marketing (In motion)
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28
Q

What is QDPE (quality daily physical education) ?

A

Program that is:

  • Planned
  • Taught by professionals
  • Compulsory from K-12
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29
Q

What is the importance of QDPE?

A

Ensures that all children develop knowledge, skills and habits to lead to physically active lives now and in the future

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30
Q

Physical Educational Specialists vs. Classroom teachers: Conclusions

A
  • PE specialists provide the best classes

- Training classroom teaches and providing on-site support improves quantity and quality of PE classes

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31
Q

What stream of intervention is used when schools use SPARK?

A

Midstream

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32
Q

2 types of Competitive School Environments:

A
  1. Organized interscholastic sports program

2. Competitive physical education class

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33
Q

Benefits of interscholastic sports programs: Individual and community

A

Individual- Source of status, prestige, recognition

Community-School cohesion amongst students and teachers

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34
Q

Concerns with interscholastic sports programs

A

When programs emphasize power and performance, participation by some is discouraged

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35
Q

Budget Cutbacks

A

Participation fees, which could exclude some of the student population

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36
Q

Sub-Culture of Sport

A

A social system with distinct values that may be inconsistent with the goals of education

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37
Q

Why does sports participation not translate to physical activity participation later in life?

A

Sports do not teach the skills needed to start and maintain regular physical activity across a lifetime

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38
Q

The competitive physical education class

A

Students with higher perceived and actual competence perceived themselves to be more accepted by their peers and teachers

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39
Q

Physical Educated Person

A

Maintain physical activity habits for a lifetime

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40
Q

Characteristics of a physically educated person:

A
  • Learn the skills to perform variety of activities
  • Are physically fit
  • Participates regularly in physical activity
  • Knows implications and benefits
  • Values physical activity and its contribution to a health lifestyle
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41
Q

Other opportunities to be active at school:

A
  • Intramural programs

- Recess periods before or after school

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42
Q

Importance of Work in Canadian Society (6)

A
  • Provides financial security and Health insurance
  • Provides a structure to the day and week
  • Contributes to one’s sense of belonging
  • Provides a sense of purpose and accomplishment
  • Contribute to one’s identity
  • An ideal institution to promote physical activity
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43
Q

What stream of intervention is HPP’s (health promotion programs)?

A

Midstream

44
Q

3 categories that worksite HPP’s include health-promoting activities:

A
  1. Awareness
  2. Health Management
  3. Supportive Environment
45
Q

Awareness

A

Increase workers knowledge about and interest in specific health issues

46
Q

Activities to promote awareness:

A
  • Newsletters
  • Posters
  • Special Events
  • Educational Seminars
  • Changes to the environment
47
Q

Health Management

A

Focus is on strategies to help worker’s make specific lifestyle changes

48
Q

Activities to promote health management:

A

-Personal health assessments followed by specific strategies to help individuals make behavioural changes (goal setting, fitness program )

49
Q

Supportive Environment

A

Focus on providing health-promoting work conditions to help workers engage in health behaviours

50
Q

Activities to promote supportive environments:

A
  • Policies to ban smoking
  • Modifying the environment
  • Modifying stairwells
51
Q

Growth of Work-Sponsored Fitness Programs

A
  • Exercise breaks for office employees
  • Growth of incentive programs (gifts, money)
  • Growth of disincentives (charging more for insurance if they smoke or are obese)
52
Q

12 Benefits of HPP’s at Work

A
  1. Reduce health care costs
  2. Loyalty
  3. Productivity
  4. Decreased absenteeism
  5. Reach blue collar and minority workers
  6. Decreased injuries
  7. More recruitment
  8. Increased corporate image
  9. Increased attitude
  10. Improved job satisfaction
  11. Decreased level of conflict at work
  12. Increased physical work capacity
53
Q

Absenteeism

A

Absence from work due to sickness, injury or some other personal reason

54
Q

9 Challenges/Barriers to HPP’s at Work

A
  1. Recruit only a small percentage of the workplace
  2. Often reach those who are already active/healthy
  3. Recruit mainly one type of worker (white male)
  4. High dropout rate
  5. Lack of space and equipment
  6. Emphasis is on changing individuals not the organization
  7. Lack of management support
  8. Lack of individual-tailored components
  9. The inability of HPP’s to keep pace with the changing way Canadians work
55
Q

The Medical Model

A
  • Dominant approach to health care

- Main focus is to repair disease induced damage to the body

56
Q

2 Social Roles that Patients Can Take on in our Medical System

A
  1. Sick Role

2. At-Risk Role

57
Q

Sick Role

A

A temporary social role designed to return sick people to a state of health as quickly as possible

58
Q

At-Risk Role

A

Individual is:

  • Aware of being susceptible to a specific disease
  • Wants to do something to reduce the possibility of requiring the disease
59
Q

Characteristics of the Sick and At-Risk Role

A
  • Doctor and Patient Centered
  • Biomedical and Lifestyle Solutions
  • One-way and Two-way Information Flow
  • Emphasis on individual and social change
60
Q

Doctor and Patient Centered

A

Sick Role-Doctor
-supplies knowledge and skills for benefit
At-Risk Role- Patient
-engaged-helps identify amount and type of info

61
Q

Biomedical and Lifestyle Solutions

A

Sick Role- Biomedical
-Curing the physical aspects through treatment (surgery)
At-Risk Role-Lifestyle
-Lifestyle changes to reduce chance of getting disease

62
Q

One-way and Two-way Information Flow

A

Sick Role- One way
-Physician to patient (interview)
At-Risk Role- Two way
-Partnership between physician and patient (both engaged-more productive)

63
Q

Emphasis on individual and social change

A

Sick Role- Individual
-Physician expects full cooperation from patient
At-Risk Role- Social Environment
-Recognizes illness can be due to social and environmental conditions

64
Q

Limitations of the Medical Model

A
  • shortage of time

- can only see doctor for one problem at a time

65
Q

2 types of people physicians are most likely to counsel about physical activity:

A
  1. Patients who already have a chronic disease

2. Ones they believe will be successful

66
Q

What are two reason why physicians lack counselling to patients?

A

Many physicians fail to:

  • Recognize the importance of physical activity
  • Include regular physical activity into their own lives
67
Q

4 characteristics of social/community connectedness:

A
  1. Membership
  2. Influence
  3. Integration and fulfillment of needs
  4. Shared emotional connection
68
Q

What happens when all 4 characteristic exist?

A

There is a high social/community cohesion

69
Q

What 3 things does a sense of community impact?

A
  • People’s behaviour
  • Perceptions about the physical and social environment
  • Willingness to participate in activities to change the environment
70
Q

2 terms to explain the changes of community cohesiveness over time:

A
  1. Gemeinschaft (community)

2. Gesellschaft (social)

71
Q

Gemeinschaft (Community)

A

Pre-modern society consisting of a close network of personal relationships

72
Q

Gesellschaft (Social)

A

Developed to meet the demands of the new marketplace

73
Q

Roseto Study

A

Examined the effect of changing social forces on health

74
Q

Conclusion of Roseto Study

A

Factors impacted community cohesion which countered stress and reduced the incidence of CVD

75
Q

“Roseto Effect”

A
  • High community/social cohesion is related to positive health effects
  • Low community/social cohesion is related to negative health effects
76
Q

2 Principles of the New Public Health Movement

A
  1. Public health challenges require comprehensive approaches that go beyond individual lifestyle changes
  2. Social changes must be rooted in the community
77
Q

5 factors that behaviour is influenced by:

A
  1. Intrapersonal Factors
  2. Interpersonal Factors
  3. Institutional Factors
  4. Community Factors
  5. Public Policy
78
Q

Intrapersonal Factors

A

Characteristics of the individual

eg. self efficacy, skills, attitude, knowledge, attention

79
Q

What is the target of change of the intrapersonal factors?

A

Characteristics of the individual

80
Q

Interpersonal Factors

A

Formal and informal social networks and social support systems
eg. family, friends, work/school colleagues

81
Q

What is the target of change of the interpersonal factors?

A

Changing norms or social groups to which the individuals belong

82
Q

Institutional Factors

A

Social institutions with organizational characteristics

eg. day-care, schools, worksites, health care

83
Q

What is the target of change of the institutional factors?

A

Organization (not the person directly)

84
Q

Community Factors

A

Relationships among organizations, institutions and informal networks within defined boundaries

85
Q

What is the target of change of the community factors?

A

Mediating structures, relationships among organizations and power structures

86
Q

Public Policy

A

Local, provincial and national laws/policies

87
Q

What is the target of change of the public policy?

A

Political systems

88
Q

4 key principles of the ecological models:

A
  • Multiple factors influence behaviour
  • Multiple types of environments influence behaviour both directly and indirectly through people perceptions
  • Multiple interventions should be implemented by a variety of groups
  • Political dynamics can limit the impact of ecologically-based activity promotions
89
Q

5 components that have to be addressed in order for people to take a more active part in community change:

A
  1. Empowerment
  2. Critical Consciousness
  3. Community Competence
  4. Social Capital
  5. Community Coalitions
90
Q

Empowerment

A

Occurs when people have the power to influence outcomes that are important to the community

91
Q

Critical Consciousness

A

People must identify problems

92
Q

Community Competence

A

Develops and uses resources of community members

93
Q

Social Capital

A

Social relations that result in mutual benefits

94
Q

Community Health Coalations

A

Composed of people from diverse organizations and community sectors, sometimes with conflicting interests

95
Q

4 advantages of a community health coalition

A
  1. Become involved in large issues without having sole responsibility for managing issues
  2. Demonstrate and develop widespread support
  3. Maximize power of individuals and groups
  4. Can develop trust and cooperation
96
Q

5 Barriers to Effective Health Coalitions

A
  1. Time needed to develop and carry out programs
  2. Follows a social control model that clientizes community members
  3. Lack of trust among coalition members
  4. Tendency of one or more groups in the coalition assuming a disproportionate amount of power
  5. Competition for resources
97
Q

3 elements of the social institutions framework:

A
  • Developing individual responsibility
  • Changing intrainstitutional norms
  • Fostering interinstitutional collaboration
98
Q

Developing Individual Responsibility

A

People must actively participate in the change process by taking personal control over ones health and developing citizenship skills

99
Q

Changing Intrainstitutional

A

Changing the values promotes through our social institutions and changing the social and physical environments

100
Q

3 types of norms:

A
  • Active Living
  • Social Equity
  • Institutional Collaboration
101
Q

Norms of Active Living

A

We need to send out positive messages concerning physical activities being the healthy and easier choice
ex) Reclaim physical spaces around home for physical activity

102
Q

Norms of Social Equity

A

Alter social, political and economic factors that impact access to active lifestyles for certain groups of people (lower, working class, women, etc)
ex) Equal access to child and parent care

103
Q

Norms of Institutional Collaboration

A

Need a system of social institutions that encourage cooperation
ex) Increase parent-child involvement in physical activity

104
Q

Fostering Interinstitutional Collaboration

A

Institutions must collaborate with each other to achieve a more physically active society

105
Q

Physical Activity in Society

A
  • Cannot be due only to the individual

- Social structural factors (discrimination, norms, etc)

Kinesiology 232 (2 decks)

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