Final Flashcards
What are some types of social institutions?
- Family
- School
- Work
- Health-Care
- Community
What do social institutions aid in passing on to the next generation?
Set of values, norms, expectations and solutions
2 things that values, norms, expectations and or solutions can be:
- Legally or externally enforced by a social institutions (law enforcement)
- Self-Enforced by social conventions (norms, culture, relationships)
3 ways in which the family impacts physical activity:
- Serve as behavioural role models
- Instill a sense of competency in children
- Provide social support
Family members as behavioural role models:
Children share the same health habits as their parents
ex) smoking, obesity, dental care, seat belt use
Family members instilling a sense of competency in children
- Belief that child will be successful
- Increasing believe that they will be good increases physical activity levels
2 things that children with higher perceived competence levels do:
- Describe parents as positive exercise role models
2. Perceived less pressure to perform from parent
Family members providing social support
- Hard for parents to balance work and family responsibilities
- Little time for their own participation in physical activity
4 types of social support:
- Emotional
- Instrumental
- Informational
- Companionship
Emotional Support
Parents being able to talk to about fears, worries and problems (helping the child feel understood and accepted)
Instrumental Support
Parents being able to provide actual assistance to the child
ex) driving to practice, financial assistance
Informational Support
Parents being able to provide useful information and make suggestions about relevant resources and courses of action
ex) parent coaching you
Companionship Support
Parents being available for companionship when doing various kinds of leisure time activity including physical activity
ex) biking with parents
What parent is more likely to put greater emphasis on success with physical activity?
Fathers
What is the problem with over-involved parents?
Become too emotionally involved and end up damaging relationships in the family
What one reason children drop out of sports?
Parental pressure, not fun, too much emphasis on winning
3 reasons for the influence of peer groups:
- Common interests that represent issues critical in their lives
- Provide guidelines for important aspects of life
- Since peer groups are voluntary, they hold the threat of expulsion
What did Emily Durkheim conclude?
Unmarried men and women are more likely to commit suicide than married men and women
2 health advantages married women have over single people:
- Social support
2. Social control
Social Support
Supportive relationship, social ties and intimacies promote psychological well-being
Social Control
People in marital relationships are less likely to engage in health destructive behaviours because they have a commitment and responsibility to their spouse
What are the top 5 reasons for divorce?
- Different values/interests
- Abuse
- Alcohol/ Drugs
- Infidelity
- Career-related Conflict
Same-Sex Families and Physical Activity
Same sex families may provide an environment that is more conducive to active lifestyles
Single Parent Families and Physical Activity
Children from single parent families are less active and participate in sedentary lifestyles
3 reasons why social isolation impacts health:
- Anxiety arousal and stress (high blood pressure)
- Reduced social support and social control for health behaviours
- Social ties linking people with social networks and access to health resources
Family Caregiver
An informal, non-paid arrangement of care of a family member or friend who has a physical or mental disability, is chronically ill, or is frail in the home rather than a health setting
3 ways to increase physical activity:
- Make changes to routines (transportation, active play, organized sport)
- Target children in most need (adolescent girls, disabled, low income, etc)
- Expand social marketing (In motion)
What is QDPE (quality daily physical education) ?
Program that is:
- Planned
- Taught by professionals
- Compulsory from K-12
What is the importance of QDPE?
Ensures that all children develop knowledge, skills and habits to lead to physically active lives now and in the future
Physical Educational Specialists vs. Classroom teachers: Conclusions
- PE specialists provide the best classes
- Training classroom teaches and providing on-site support improves quantity and quality of PE classes
What stream of intervention is used when schools use SPARK?
Midstream
2 types of Competitive School Environments:
- Organized interscholastic sports program
2. Competitive physical education class
Benefits of interscholastic sports programs: Individual and community
Individual- Source of status, prestige, recognition
Community-School cohesion amongst students and teachers
Concerns with interscholastic sports programs
When programs emphasize power and performance, participation by some is discouraged
Budget Cutbacks
Participation fees, which could exclude some of the student population
Sub-Culture of Sport
A social system with distinct values that may be inconsistent with the goals of education
Why does sports participation not translate to physical activity participation later in life?
Sports do not teach the skills needed to start and maintain regular physical activity across a lifetime
The competitive physical education class
Students with higher perceived and actual competence perceived themselves to be more accepted by their peers and teachers
Physical Educated Person
Maintain physical activity habits for a lifetime
Characteristics of a physically educated person:
- Learn the skills to perform variety of activities
- Are physically fit
- Participates regularly in physical activity
- Knows implications and benefits
- Values physical activity and its contribution to a health lifestyle
Other opportunities to be active at school:
- Intramural programs
- Recess periods before or after school
Importance of Work in Canadian Society (6)
- Provides financial security and Health insurance
- Provides a structure to the day and week
- Contributes to one’s sense of belonging
- Provides a sense of purpose and accomplishment
- Contribute to one’s identity
- An ideal institution to promote physical activity
What stream of intervention is HPP’s (health promotion programs)?
Midstream
3 categories that worksite HPP’s include health-promoting activities:
- Awareness
- Health Management
- Supportive Environment
Awareness
Increase workers knowledge about and interest in specific health issues
Activities to promote awareness:
- Newsletters
- Posters
- Special Events
- Educational Seminars
- Changes to the environment
Health Management
Focus is on strategies to help worker’s make specific lifestyle changes
Activities to promote health management:
-Personal health assessments followed by specific strategies to help individuals make behavioural changes (goal setting, fitness program )
Supportive Environment
Focus on providing health-promoting work conditions to help workers engage in health behaviours
Activities to promote supportive environments:
- Policies to ban smoking
- Modifying the environment
- Modifying stairwells
Growth of Work-Sponsored Fitness Programs
- Exercise breaks for office employees
- Growth of incentive programs (gifts, money)
- Growth of disincentives (charging more for insurance if they smoke or are obese)
12 Benefits of HPP’s at Work
- Reduce health care costs
- Loyalty
- Productivity
- Decreased absenteeism
- Reach blue collar and minority workers
- Decreased injuries
- More recruitment
- Increased corporate image
- Increased attitude
- Improved job satisfaction
- Decreased level of conflict at work
- Increased physical work capacity
Absenteeism
Absence from work due to sickness, injury or some other personal reason
9 Challenges/Barriers to HPP’s at Work
- Recruit only a small percentage of the workplace
- Often reach those who are already active/healthy
- Recruit mainly one type of worker (white male)
- High dropout rate
- Lack of space and equipment
- Emphasis is on changing individuals not the organization
- Lack of management support
- Lack of individual-tailored components
- The inability of HPP’s to keep pace with the changing way Canadians work
The Medical Model
- Dominant approach to health care
- Main focus is to repair disease induced damage to the body
2 Social Roles that Patients Can Take on in our Medical System
- Sick Role
2. At-Risk Role
Sick Role
A temporary social role designed to return sick people to a state of health as quickly as possible
At-Risk Role
Individual is:
- Aware of being susceptible to a specific disease
- Wants to do something to reduce the possibility of requiring the disease
Characteristics of the Sick and At-Risk Role
- Doctor and Patient Centered
- Biomedical and Lifestyle Solutions
- One-way and Two-way Information Flow
- Emphasis on individual and social change
Doctor and Patient Centered
Sick Role-Doctor
-supplies knowledge and skills for benefit
At-Risk Role- Patient
-engaged-helps identify amount and type of info
Biomedical and Lifestyle Solutions
Sick Role- Biomedical
-Curing the physical aspects through treatment (surgery)
At-Risk Role-Lifestyle
-Lifestyle changes to reduce chance of getting disease
One-way and Two-way Information Flow
Sick Role- One way
-Physician to patient (interview)
At-Risk Role- Two way
-Partnership between physician and patient (both engaged-more productive)
Emphasis on individual and social change
Sick Role- Individual
-Physician expects full cooperation from patient
At-Risk Role- Social Environment
-Recognizes illness can be due to social and environmental conditions
Limitations of the Medical Model
- shortage of time
- can only see doctor for one problem at a time
2 types of people physicians are most likely to counsel about physical activity:
- Patients who already have a chronic disease
2. Ones they believe will be successful
What are two reason why physicians lack counselling to patients?
Many physicians fail to:
- Recognize the importance of physical activity
- Include regular physical activity into their own lives
4 characteristics of social/community connectedness:
- Membership
- Influence
- Integration and fulfillment of needs
- Shared emotional connection
What happens when all 4 characteristic exist?
There is a high social/community cohesion
What 3 things does a sense of community impact?
- People’s behaviour
- Perceptions about the physical and social environment
- Willingness to participate in activities to change the environment
2 terms to explain the changes of community cohesiveness over time:
- Gemeinschaft (community)
2. Gesellschaft (social)
Gemeinschaft (Community)
Pre-modern society consisting of a close network of personal relationships
Gesellschaft (Social)
Developed to meet the demands of the new marketplace
Roseto Study
Examined the effect of changing social forces on health
Conclusion of Roseto Study
Factors impacted community cohesion which countered stress and reduced the incidence of CVD
“Roseto Effect”
- High community/social cohesion is related to positive health effects
- Low community/social cohesion is related to negative health effects
2 Principles of the New Public Health Movement
- Public health challenges require comprehensive approaches that go beyond individual lifestyle changes
- Social changes must be rooted in the community
5 factors that behaviour is influenced by:
- Intrapersonal Factors
- Interpersonal Factors
- Institutional Factors
- Community Factors
- Public Policy
Intrapersonal Factors
Characteristics of the individual
eg. self efficacy, skills, attitude, knowledge, attention
What is the target of change of the intrapersonal factors?
Characteristics of the individual
Interpersonal Factors
Formal and informal social networks and social support systems
eg. family, friends, work/school colleagues
What is the target of change of the interpersonal factors?
Changing norms or social groups to which the individuals belong
Institutional Factors
Social institutions with organizational characteristics
eg. day-care, schools, worksites, health care
What is the target of change of the institutional factors?
Organization (not the person directly)
Community Factors
Relationships among organizations, institutions and informal networks within defined boundaries
What is the target of change of the community factors?
Mediating structures, relationships among organizations and power structures
Public Policy
Local, provincial and national laws/policies
What is the target of change of the public policy?
Political systems
4 key principles of the ecological models:
- Multiple factors influence behaviour
- Multiple types of environments influence behaviour both directly and indirectly through people perceptions
- Multiple interventions should be implemented by a variety of groups
- Political dynamics can limit the impact of ecologically-based activity promotions
5 components that have to be addressed in order for people to take a more active part in community change:
- Empowerment
- Critical Consciousness
- Community Competence
- Social Capital
- Community Coalitions
Empowerment
Occurs when people have the power to influence outcomes that are important to the community
Critical Consciousness
People must identify problems
Community Competence
Develops and uses resources of community members
Social Capital
Social relations that result in mutual benefits
Community Health Coalations
Composed of people from diverse organizations and community sectors, sometimes with conflicting interests
4 advantages of a community health coalition
- Become involved in large issues without having sole responsibility for managing issues
- Demonstrate and develop widespread support
- Maximize power of individuals and groups
- Can develop trust and cooperation
5 Barriers to Effective Health Coalitions
- Time needed to develop and carry out programs
- Follows a social control model that clientizes community members
- Lack of trust among coalition members
- Tendency of one or more groups in the coalition assuming a disproportionate amount of power
- Competition for resources
3 elements of the social institutions framework:
- Developing individual responsibility
- Changing intrainstitutional norms
- Fostering interinstitutional collaboration
Developing Individual Responsibility
People must actively participate in the change process by taking personal control over ones health and developing citizenship skills
Changing Intrainstitutional
Changing the values promotes through our social institutions and changing the social and physical environments
3 types of norms:
- Active Living
- Social Equity
- Institutional Collaboration
Norms of Active Living
We need to send out positive messages concerning physical activities being the healthy and easier choice
ex) Reclaim physical spaces around home for physical activity
Norms of Social Equity
Alter social, political and economic factors that impact access to active lifestyles for certain groups of people (lower, working class, women, etc)
ex) Equal access to child and parent care
Norms of Institutional Collaboration
Need a system of social institutions that encourage cooperation
ex) Increase parent-child involvement in physical activity
Fostering Interinstitutional Collaboration
Institutions must collaborate with each other to achieve a more physically active society
Physical Activity in Society
- Cannot be due only to the individual
- Social structural factors (discrimination, norms, etc)
