Lectures 1,2,3

Question 1

Binomial names

Answer 1

genus name + species name

e.g Homo sapiens (in italics)

Question 2

Whittaker’s Five Kingdom Classification (1969)

Answer 2

Classification based on cell structure and methods of nutrition

• Plantae
• Fungi
• Animalia
• Protista (eukaryotes)
• Monera (prokaryotes)

Question 3

Paraphyletic

Answer 3

• Groups defined the absence of something (such as lacking legs, lacking a backbone, etc.) are usually artificial and don’t reflect evolutionary history.
• E.g. Protists are paraphyletic because they are whats left over after we remove plants, fungi and animals

Question 4

Protists as a group

Answer 4

Diverse but UNrelated

Question 5

What is an animal?

Answer 5

• multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes
• most feed by ingestion into gut
• cells lack walls, adhere by means of specialised junctions, secrete extra-cellular matrices using collagen

Question 6

Most animals have…

Answer 6

specialised cells for:

a) signal transmission - nerves
b) contraction for movement - muscles

Question 7

Animal life history:

Answer 7

• small flagellated sperm fertilises a larger egg to form a diploid zygote
• zygote undergoes cleavage
• formation of blastula
• blastula undergoes gastrulation (embryonic tissue layers form)

Question 8

The placula hypothesis - origin of animals

Answer 8

• morphous multicellular blob like Trichoplax
• When Trichoplax feeds its centre raises slightly to create a cavity
• If this cavity developing further we would get something like a modern cnidarian polyp

Question 9

4 Splits: Major animal groups

1 of 4

Answer 9

1. origin of true tissues (sponges versus rest of animals)

Question 10

4 Splits: Major animal groups

2 of 4

Answer 10

2. origin of bilateral symmetry (separates jellyfish, anemones, comb jellies from rest)

Question 11

4 Splits: Major animal groups

3 of 4

Answer 11

3. Type of body cavity

Question 12

4 Splits: Major animal groups

4 of 4

Answer 12

4. fate of blastopore (first opening in developing embryo), is it the mouth (protostomes) or anus (deuterostome)?

Question 13

The Cambrian explosion

Answer 13

-Animals as we’d recognise them only really appear in the fossil record between 500-600 million years ago, although there are traces before this time

Question 14

No true tissues (1st split)

Answer 14

parazoans

Question 15

true tissues (1st split)

Answer 15

all other animals - eumetazoa

Question 16

Cnidaria (2nd split)

Answer 16

jelly fish & anemones

Question 17

Ctenophora (2nd split)

Answer 17

comb jellies

Question 18

All other animals (second major split)

Answer 18

Bilateral symmetry associated with cephalisation

-development of head

Question 19

Acoelomate (3rd split)

Answer 19

no body cavity

Question 20

Pseudocoelomate (3rd split)

Answer 20

partially lined with mesoderm

Question 21

coelmate (3rd split)

Answer 21

cavity completely lined with mesoderm

Question 22

Protosomes

Answer 22

“first mouth”

Question 23

Deuterosomes

Answer 23

“second mouth”