ILOs

Question 1

1-5

Answer 1

outline the principles used in the classification of animals;
• describe the main groups of single-celled animals and outline their ecological importance;
• discuss the main differences between single-celled and multi-celled animals;
• outline the universal role of HOX genes in the establishment of metazoan body plans;
• distinguish the main groups of animal body plans based on development, symmetry and form;

Question 2

6-12

Answer 2

discuss the costs and benefits of a sedentary life for animals;
• outline the main characteristics of sponges, corals and other marine sedentary forms;
• discuss the importance of corals in tropical marine ecosystems;
• list the characteristics of the main classes of Arthropods;
• discuss the role of the jointed exoskeleton in the success and diversification of Arthropods;
• account for the distribution of the main groups of Arthropods;
• outline how Arthropods move;

Question 3

13-16

Answer 3

• distinguish between commensalism, symbiosis and parasitism;
• discuss the costs and benefits (to the parasite) of a parasitic way of life;
• outline the occurrence of parasitism within the main groups of animals;
• describe the life cycles of some parasites of medical importance;

Question 4

17-19 vertebrates

Answer 4

discuss the relationship of the vertebrates to their non-vertebrate allies;
• outline the body plan of vertebrates;
• discuss the relative diversity of the main groups of vertebrates;

Question 5

19-23

Answer 5

describe the relationships of the main groups of fish to each other and to the tetrapods;
• compare the main features of ancient and modern Amphibians;
• describe reproduction and the life cycles of modern Amphibians;
• discuss the costs and benefits of endothemic and ectothemic lifestyles to the vertebrates;
• show how the reptile egg overcame the problems of reproduction on land;

Question 6

retiles
evolution of flight
archaeopteryx

Answer 6

• describe the main groups of extinct and modern reptiles;
• discuss the selective pressures that may have led to the evolution of flight in vertebrates;
• outline the main features of Archaeopteryx;

Question 7

birds

Answer 7

• list the main features of the body organisation of birds;
• describe how the avian lung differs from that of all other land vertebrates;
• outline the reproductive strategies used by birds;

Question 8

primates

Answer 8

• outline the development of mammalian organisation from reptilian ancestors;
• list the main features of mammals;
• describe the general features of primates and compare lower primates and monkey;
• discuss the ecology of modern apes;
• outline the evidence used to trace human ancestry;

Question 9

hominid evolution

Answer 9

describe the basic features of hominid evolution;
• describe how domestication influences an animal species;
• outline the main animal species that have become domesticated, and why ;
• give the geological perspective on extinction;