lecture3

Question 1

growth
- currency of body?
hpa axis?

Answer 1

glucose = currency
hypo - GHRH
pit = GH
liver - insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) = somatomedin

Question 2

what is function of somatomedin?

Answer 2

stimulate cell division

Question 3

function of somatostatin?

Answer 3

inhibit GH and IGF-1 release.

Question 4

do men or women have more growth hormone?

Answer 4

women. dont have T tho so dont get huge

Question 5

prenatal stress and growth

• learn about world
• metabolic imprinting

Answer 5

learn conditions of world in womb.
when pregnant mom eats - broken down food goes into bloodstream. if not enough nutrition for fetus, it saves nutrients, hoards.

Question 6

thrifty metabolism

- generational effects

Answer 6

conserving nutrients.
- not genetically. but mom with thrifty metabolism retains only what she needs = fetus learns that there isnt excess nutrients and develops thrifty metabolism as well.

Question 7

dutch famine

• fetus at first trimester:
• fetus at 2/3 trimester

Answer 7

• 1st - more likley to develop heart disease & obesity

- 2nd/3rd - more like to have diabetes.

Question 8

fetal origins of adult disease

Answer 8

FOAD - things from womb affect individual in adulthood

Question 9

effects of prenatal stress

- glucocorticoid secretion

Answer 9

• excessive gluc = larger stress response = sluggish recovery.
• impact hippocampus development (important for negative feedback response)
• down regulate receptors for stress response in hippocampus. fewer receptors = higher [cortisol] needed for negative feedback
• demasculanize fetus. bc Gc & T are similar structurally.
  offspring more anxious - amygdala has more cortisol in amygdala.

Question 10

maternal separation (harlow)
- orphanages?

Answer 10

separate fetus = issue with difficulty learning, chang in amygdala
romanian - low quality of care = higher bedtime cortisol.

Question 11

stress dwarfism

-orphanages?

Answer 11

psychosocial: psychological stress caused stunted growth.
german orphanages: gov’t controlled. based on nun behaviour = determined growth.
grun - warm. high growth. shwartz - cold, low growth. grun move elsewhere - those kids grew more. shwartz went to grun’s old = kids stopped growing as well. X to shwartz - kids grew a bit better.

Question 12

mechanisms of stress dwarfism

Answer 12

low levels of GH
inhibitory hormones secreted by hypothalamus = somatostatin.
less sensitive to circulating GH (Gc).
mind affects body -> GI doesnt absorb as many nutrients

Question 13

active touching

Answer 13

premies - physical touch great positive effect on body. GH decreases if separated.

Question 14

growth hormone in adults

Answer 14

bones: change shape to fit needs. storing, leaching.

resportion = ca back into bones. leach = from bone to body.

Question 15

stress effects of GH in adult

Answer 15

increase bone breakdown.
Gc disrupt cell division, makes body less sensitive to GH and somatomedins.
osteoporosis = indicator of stress.

Question 16

male reproductive HPA axis

Answer 16

Hypo = LHRH
pit = LH, FSH
testes = testosterone, FSH => sperm production

Question 17

male reproductive system under stress

- effect on system? why does this happen?

Answer 17

system inhibited. less T, less sperm. = good for short term stress.

• endorphins and enkephalin (stress induced analgesia. endorphin - block release of LHRH.
• prolactin released by pit - acts to make it less sensitive
• Gc block testes from responding to LH

Question 18

erections when stressed

Answer 18

erection need PNS

• stress = premature ejaculation: symp stimulated too soon.
• impotency: cant get it up. psychogenic => plaque build up due to psychogenic stress can lead to physical cause to impotence.
• erection during REM - test if psychogenic.. wrap a pack of stamps.

Question 19

female repro HPA axis

Answer 19

Hypo - LHRH

pit - LH (stimulate E release form ovary), FSH (release egg)

Question 20

FSH and twins

Answer 20

women w genes linked to more FSH production = more likely to release 2 eggs= more likely to have twins. skips male generation.

Question 21

follicular phase

Answer 21

LHRH, LH, FSH and E rise.

E related to mood. sensitizes 5ht receptor.

Question 22

luteal phase

Answer 22

P increase - build uterine lining.
sensitize GABA receptor.
high GABA = lower anxiety.
Low P = GABA doesnt work as well = higher anxiety

Question 23

prolactin - bc and how it works

Answer 23

released during stress. maintain release due to breast feeding. nipple stimulation feeds to hypo to produce mroe prolactin ((needed for milk production)
prolactin in hibites hormonal cascade, including progesterone - uterine lining. needed for viable offspring to implant

Question 24

female repro under sterss

Answer 24

androstenedione (A) - converted to E in fat cells.
not enough fat (anorexia, athletes) - sometimes wont get period.
endorphins & enkephalins = increase prolactin - less sensitive ovary to LH = less E = less ovulation.

Question 25

anovulatory amenorrhea

Answer 25

cycle stopped

Question 26

miscarriage and psychogenic abortion

Answer 26

hierarchy - a-male wants baby to be his.
competitive infanticdie = new alpha kills off baby that isnt his.
- rodents increase prolactin for spontanesous abortion, fake heat & copulate if newly pregnant.

Question 27

stress affect miscarriage

Answer 27

decrease blood flow to uterus = fetus not getting enough O2. frequent hypoxia can be harmful

Question 28

stress can dampen effectiveness of reproduction

Answer 28

• lower libido maybe?

- if you wanna get preggo but cant - sex = chore not fun.

Question 29

women in concentration camp

Answer 29

intense physical and psych stress.

- some never lost their periods.