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Psych 302 > lecture 2 > Flashcards

lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

2 NS division

A

CNS

PNS

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2
Q

2 branches of PNS

A

somatic : coluntary
autonomic: involuntary.
Symp & parasym. complementary systems

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3
Q

who named the 2 autonomic systems? and why?

A

galen - names ymp because bodily organs were where emotions came from. para is next to symp.

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4
Q

what are a few functions of symp?

para?

A

dilate pupils, decrease salivation, decrease digestion, increase hr, increase bp.
P: digestion increase, repro increases.

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5
Q

symp NS.

when? other name? releases what hormone?

A

emergencies,
fight, flight, fright, sex
release A and NA

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6
Q

Para NS

when? other name? function?

A

calm acitivities
rest and digest
store energy & growth.

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7
Q

NT

A

chemical messenger

neuron to neuron communication

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8
Q

hormone

A

chemical messenger

far-reachin gcommunication.

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9
Q

Talk about peripheral gland and male sex drive

A

Thought each peripheral gland controlled its own hormone secretion (type and amount). Observed that older men = lower sex drive. Tried to inject testosterone from other animals = found more young, and viral men. Tried surgically grafting testicle from other animal onto man. = found good results here as well. GIANT PLACECBO. Testosterone was dissolved in water when injected = fat in water? Didn’t dissolve, didn’t even inject T.

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10
Q

pituitary gland

  • function
  • what was found when explanted?
A

regulated other glands

- when explanted secreted huge amount of unnecessary hormones. didnt function properly on its own.

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11
Q 
the brain
- Harris & master gland. new idea?
circulatory system in brain?
who are the 2 scientists battling to find hormones in brain?
what area of brain invovled in hormones?
A
  • new idea = brain is master gland, “impure” because involves emotions, and involuntary actions
  • circulatory system between hypothalamus and pituitary. communicate with one another.
  • guillemin and schally. one synthesized hormone, other found structure but couldnt reproduce.
    hypothalamus of brain has effect on pituitary
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12
Q

4 classes of steroid classes

A 
androgens
estrogens
progestogens
minerocorticoids
glucocorticoids
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13
Q

hromones secreted from body during stress

A

A, NA = takes seconds to act.

glucocorticoids, cortisol = takes mins/hours to work.

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14
Q

HPA axis for glucagon

A

Hypo = corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Pit = adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
adrenal gland = glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Pancrease = glucagon

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15
Q

function of glucagon

A

released during stress response. mobilized stored glycogen = raise blood sugar

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16
Q

main function of stress response

A

increase glucose (energy) for muscles to continue working.

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17
Q

what 2 hormones does the pituitary secrete after stressor

A

prolactin, endorphin = suppressed repro and pain

18
Q

what groups of hormones are inhibited after stressor

A
  • repro hormones
    growth hormones
    insulin
19
Q

gender differences

A

females - usually take care of yound. cant fight, or flee. Use tend and befriend tactic.
males - protect young from distance, hunt, fight.

20
Q

tend and befriend

A

rely on social affiliation, females protect offspring collectively

21
Q

oxytocin - function in tend and befriend

  • what hormone increases oxytocin release?
  • function as mother?
  • other effects?
A

secreted by pituitary during stress.
- estrogen.
function in female imprinting on children; milk let down. influences maternal behaviour causing more receptors to be produced, baby behaviour encourages more oxytocin production = cycle.
other effect: increase trust, generosity, increase social bonds

22
Q

caveats to glucocorticoids and symp NS

A
  • speed and magnitude of release may vary. depends on intensity of stressor.
  • different tissue sensitivity to hormone
  • psychological context - subjective interpretation of stressor
23
Q

hormonal signature

A

speed and magnitude at which hormones change during stress response.

  • some ready to cope and react - more A/NA, less glucocorticoid.
  • some learned helpessness: less A/NA, more glucocort. = “cant deal”
24
Q

cardiovascular stress response

A

increase hr
increase force of heart beat = veins get more rigid.
arteries to muscles vasodilate.
kidneys reabsorb more water - keep blood volume high.
ADH - increase = more water reabsorbed.

25
Q

why do veins get more rigid?

what does vasoconstriction cause?

A

veins get more rigid due to A.

vasoconstriction = higher bp

26
Q

metabolic demand?

discrepancy btw blood flow?

A

demand that current situation is placing on muscles and blood.
- sitting & worrying= greater discrepancy. harmful for body.

27
Q

what is hypertension?

A

chronically elevated blood pressure

28
Q

How heart disease effects

  • heart muscles
  • bifurcation poitns
  • cholesterol effects?
A
  • left ventricular hypertrophy. more muscle because need more muscle to push blood thru, also lot of blood slamming heart, needs to protect.
  • branch points in cardio system. high pressure blood hitting branch point = v vulnerable. can get micro-tears. immune response causes migration of cells = can become plaque.
  • cholesterol affects if there is prior damage to cardio system
29
Q

c-reactive protein (CRP)

  • secreted by?
  • function
  • b-blocker actions?
A

secreted by liver

  • amplify immune system cascade to repair body thats been damaged
  • b-block, prevents SNS activity. less plaque, couldnt activate symp.
30
Q 
define: 
embolus
thrombus
myocardial infarct
brain infarct
A
  • moving blood clot/ plaque
  • stationary blood clot
  • heart attack. embolud travels to coronary vessels = no O2
  • stroke. embolus in vasculature feeding the brain
31
Q

myocardial ischemia

angina pectoris

A

reduction in blood supply to heart.

- angina = really reduced blood flow to heart. may present as chest pain.

32
Q

vagus nerve?

A

activated by PNS. link between resp and caridac.

- exhale - PNS. inhale = symp.

33
Q

heart rate variability

A

change in HR when inhale vs exhale. c

34
Q

sudden cardiac death

A

strong emotions. cardio system damaged, more sensitive to acute stressors.

35
Q

ventricular fibrillation?

A

ventricles contact in rapid, disorganized way. SNS sends 2 asymmetrical projections to the heart.

36
Q

women and heart disease
- more or less heart attacks then men?
- vulnerable to heart attack?
Estrogen

A
    • less heart attacks than men.
  • more vulnerable when they do get heart attacks because they happen ~10 years later. harder to recover at older age.
  • estrogen has protective effect on cardio system. prevents cell build up at bifurcation.
37
Q

psychophysiological death

A

dramatic version of sudden cardiac arrest

- due to overactive SNS, emotion, “scared to death”

38
Q

insulin

A

stimulates transport and storage of molecules
secreted in anticipation of meals
PNS

39
Q

Emergency
- PNS vs SNS?
- insulin vs glucagon?
glucocorticoid action?

A

favours SNS
glucagon : energy out.
glucocoritcoid blocks insulin action. blocks storage of molecules.

40
Q

chronic stress & metabolism

  • fatigue
  • fat and glucose in blood stream = ?
  • LDL vs HDL
A

get fatigued from storing and unstoring energy.

  • increase risk of cardiovascular disease
  • LDL - low density protein. more cholesterol, than protein. hard to transport bc not soluble in water. necessary for cell walls.
  • HDL - high density protein. can travel around body, but can’t supply enough cholesterol to cells.
41
Q 
diabetes - type 1. 
other name?
what caused it?
result? 
effect of stress?
A

insulin-dependent
immune cells attack insulin-secreting cells in pancreas.
cells dont get energy, rise in blood sugar, clogged arteries.
stress = cells become less senstiive to insulin

42
Q 
diabetes - type 2 
other name?
cause?
result?
effect of stress?
A

insulin-independent. adult onset

  • cells dont respond to insulin, produced but not used. feedback loop continues to increase insulin levels
  • pancreatic cells burn out, cells stop working = turns to type 1. Enough fat is stored
  • stress = more insulin resistance. exacerbates type 2 = greater blood glucose levels.

Psych 302 (4 decks)

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