Lecture Two: Movement Analysis

Question 1

Movement is made of?

Answer 1

Task + Environment+ Individual = Movement

Question 2

Individual

Answer 2

Systems that coordinate movement

• Sensory/perceptual :( body in space)
• Cognitive :(attention, motor planning, problem solving, motivation )
• Motor/action : ( neuromuscular & biomechanical -muscles & joints - degrees of freedom problem)

Question 3

Individual - Motor: Degrees of Freedom Issue

Answer 3

Synergies, Self-organization, non-linear behavior

Question 4

Synergies

Answer 4

(muscle/movement combinations) provide stability and flexibility, organize task, provide covariance, stabilize performance

Question 5

Self Organization

Answer 5

Interaction of elements- whole > sum of components( don’t need specific higher level commands or motor programs; not just top down control)

Question 6

Non-Linear Behavior

Answer 6

Behavior transforms into new behavior when parameters reaches critical value; Ex: Speed- walking to running

Question 7

Individual- Motor Action

Answer 7

Alteration in movement is cause by more than neural structure control, it can also be controlled by physical principles

Variability is critical element of optimal function: a sweet spot between too little and too much
- To little variability is rigidity and too much is uncontrolled movement

Adaptive capacity

Question 8

Task Attributes( Attributes of Task)

Answer 8

What types of task is it

Question 9

Task Attributes

Answer 9

1. Discrete vs. Continuous vs. Serial
2. Stability vs Mobility
3. Manipulation vs Non-manipulation

Question 10

Discrete

Answer 10

Task is recognizable beginning and end

Ex: Start is sitting and ending in standing

Question 11

Continuous

Answer 11

No recognizable beginning and end

Ex: Walking, Running

Question 12

Serial

Answer 12

Discrete movements perform sequentially
Ex:Sit to stand and then reaching to open the door
Sit to Stand and then walking to the bathroom

Question 13

Stability

Answer 13

Non-moving base of support

Ex: Standing, sitting

Question 14

Mobility

Answer 14

Moving base of support

Ex: Dancing

Question 15

Dual Task/ Multitask

Answer 15

Dual tasking is the concurrent performance of 2 task that can be performed independently, measure separately, and have distinct goals
Variables: Motor and cognitive
Complexity is related to attention demands and number of motor components( low to high)

Question 16

Environment

Answer 16

Regulatory vs Non regulatory

Question 17

Regulatory

Answer 17

Aspects of the environment that have a direct effect on how the movement is to be performed
Ex: types of surface, people walking in NYC, walking with/without an assistive device , Weather( ice, rain..)

Question 18

Non-regulatory

Answer 18

Environmental features that movement does not need to conform to, but that may influence performance
Ex: background noise, lighting , people walking and talking, are they close or spread out, weather)

Question 19

Task & Environment

Answer 19

Open Task vs Closed Task

Question 20

Open Task

Answer 20

Performed in changing or unpredictable environments; require individual to continuously adapt movement strategies to changes
Ex: playing a soccer game

Question 21

Closed Task

Answer 21

Performed in fixed or predictable environments

Ex: Running a soccer drill in practice

Question 22

Performance of Movement

Answer 22

Individual Capacity + Task Attributes + Environmental Considerations = Performance of Movement

Question 23

Task Analysis- How do we apple this model to examination and interventions?

Answer 23

We look at the Task, Environment, Individual
Task: What type of task?
Environment: Can the person change and adopt to the environment?
Is the environment changing?

Question 24

Categorization of Task Analysis

Answer 24

Gentile’s Taxonomy of Task: Categorization of Task & Environment Condition

Stable Person, Stable/Predictable Environment
Stable Person, Moving/Unpredictable Environment
Moving Person, Stable/Predictable Environment
Moving Person, Moving/Unpredictable Environment

Question 25

Task Analysis- Observational

Answer 25

Temporal Sequencing- Stages of Movement

1. Initial Conditions: Evaluation of the environment & starting posture
2. Preparation : Comprehension of instruction & task requirements
3. Initiation: The instant when displacement of the body segments begins
4. Execution: Period of actual segment movement
5. Termination: The instant when motion stops

Question 26

Task Analysis- Observational

Answer 26

Temporal Sequencing- Stages of Movement

1. Initial Conditions: Evaluation of the environment & starting posture
2. Preparation : Comprehension of instruction & task requirements
3. Initiation: The instant when displacement of the body segments begins
4. Execution: Period of actual segment movement
5. Termination: The instant when motion stops
6. Outcome: Was the movement & a success

Question 27

Task Analysis- Observational

Answer 27

Temporal Sequencing- Stages of Movement

1. Initial Conditions: Evaluation of the environment & starting posture
2. Preparation : Comprehension of instruction & task requirements
3. Initiation: The instant when displacement of the body segments begins
4. Execution: Period of actual segment movement
5. Termination: The instant when motion stops
6. Outcome: Was the movement & a success( not really a step)

Question 28

Symmetry

Answer 28

Left/Right agreement( kinetics & Kinematics)

Question 29

Speed

Answer 29

Rate of change or velocity of segment or body displacement from start to finish of task

Question 30

Amplitude

Answer 30

Extent to range of movement used to complete a task

Question 31

Alignment

Answer 31

Biomechanical relationship of body segments to one another and the BoS, to achieve the task

Question 32

Postural Control

Answer 32

Verticality: Ability to orient the body in relation to the line of gravity
Stability: Ability to control the body’s CoM over the BoS under quasi-static and dynamic conditions

Question 33

Coordination

Answer 33

Smoothness: Movement is smooth when it occurs in continual fashion without interruptions in velocity or trajectory
A

Question 34

Coordination

Answer 34

Smoothness: Movement is smooth when it occurs in continual fashion without interruptions in velocity or trajectory
Sequencing: Specific order of motor output required to achieve the intended goal of the action
Timing: Relative % time devoted to movement segments( initiation, execution, termination)
Accuracy: Freedom from error
Symptom Provocation: Observed or patient report of symptoms with movement that evokes a particular response( Ex: change in oxygen saturation, HR, patient-reported pain, dizziness, fear)