Lecture Two: Movement Analysis Flashcards
Movement is made of?
Task + Environment+ Individual = Movement
Individual
Systems that coordinate movement
- Sensory/perceptual :( body in space)
- Cognitive :(attention, motor planning, problem solving, motivation )
- Motor/action : ( neuromuscular & biomechanical -muscles & joints - degrees of freedom problem)
Individual - Motor: Degrees of Freedom Issue
Synergies, Self-organization, non-linear behavior
Synergies
(muscle/movement combinations) provide stability and flexibility, organize task, provide covariance, stabilize performance
Self Organization
Interaction of elements- whole > sum of components( don’t need specific higher level commands or motor programs; not just top down control)
Non-Linear Behavior
Behavior transforms into new behavior when parameters reaches critical value; Ex: Speed- walking to running
Individual- Motor Action
Alteration in movement is cause by more than neural structure control, it can also be controlled by physical principles
Variability is critical element of optimal function: a sweet spot between too little and too much
- To little variability is rigidity and too much is uncontrolled movement
Adaptive capacity
Task Attributes( Attributes of Task)
What types of task is it
Task Attributes
- Discrete vs. Continuous vs. Serial
- Stability vs Mobility
- Manipulation vs Non-manipulation
Discrete
Task is recognizable beginning and end
Ex: Start is sitting and ending in standing
Continuous
No recognizable beginning and end
Ex: Walking, Running
Serial
Discrete movements perform sequentially
Ex:Sit to stand and then reaching to open the door
Sit to Stand and then walking to the bathroom
Stability
Non-moving base of support
Ex: Standing, sitting
Mobility
Moving base of support
Ex: Dancing
Dual Task/ Multitask
Dual tasking is the concurrent performance of 2 task that can be performed independently, measure separately, and have distinct goals
Variables: Motor and cognitive
Complexity is related to attention demands and number of motor components( low to high)
Environment
Regulatory vs Non regulatory
Regulatory
Aspects of the environment that have a direct effect on how the movement is to be performed
Ex: types of surface, people walking in NYC, walking with/without an assistive device , Weather( ice, rain..)
Non-regulatory
Environmental features that movement does not need to conform to, but that may influence performance
Ex: background noise, lighting , people walking and talking, are they close or spread out, weather)
Task & Environment
Open Task vs Closed Task
Open Task
Performed in changing or unpredictable environments; require individual to continuously adapt movement strategies to changes
Ex: playing a soccer game
Closed Task
Performed in fixed or predictable environments
Ex: Running a soccer drill in practice
Performance of Movement
Individual Capacity + Task Attributes + Environmental Considerations = Performance of Movement
Task Analysis- How do we apple this model to examination and interventions?
We look at the Task, Environment, Individual
Task: What type of task?
Environment: Can the person change and adopt to the environment?
Is the environment changing?
Categorization of Task Analysis
Gentile’s Taxonomy of Task: Categorization of Task & Environment Condition
Stable Person, Stable/Predictable Environment
Stable Person, Moving/Unpredictable Environment
Moving Person, Stable/Predictable Environment
Moving Person, Moving/Unpredictable Environment
Task Analysis- Observational
Temporal Sequencing- Stages of Movement
- Initial Conditions: Evaluation of the environment & starting posture
- Preparation : Comprehension of instruction & task requirements
- Initiation: The instant when displacement of the body segments begins
- Execution: Period of actual segment movement
- Termination: The instant when motion stops
Task Analysis- Observational
Temporal Sequencing- Stages of Movement
- Initial Conditions: Evaluation of the environment & starting posture
- Preparation : Comprehension of instruction & task requirements
- Initiation: The instant when displacement of the body segments begins
- Execution: Period of actual segment movement
- Termination: The instant when motion stops
- Outcome: Was the movement & a success
Task Analysis- Observational
Temporal Sequencing- Stages of Movement
- Initial Conditions: Evaluation of the environment & starting posture
- Preparation : Comprehension of instruction & task requirements
- Initiation: The instant when displacement of the body segments begins
- Execution: Period of actual segment movement
- Termination: The instant when motion stops
- Outcome: Was the movement & a success( not really a step)
Symmetry
Left/Right agreement( kinetics & Kinematics)
Speed
Rate of change or velocity of segment or body displacement from start to finish of task
Amplitude
Extent to range of movement used to complete a task
Alignment
Biomechanical relationship of body segments to one another and the BoS, to achieve the task
Postural Control
Verticality: Ability to orient the body in relation to the line of gravity
Stability: Ability to control the body’s CoM over the BoS under quasi-static and dynamic conditions
Coordination
Smoothness: Movement is smooth when it occurs in continual fashion without interruptions in velocity or trajectory
A
Coordination
Smoothness: Movement is smooth when it occurs in continual fashion without interruptions in velocity or trajectory
Sequencing: Specific order of motor output required to achieve the intended goal of the action
Timing: Relative % time devoted to movement segments( initiation, execution, termination)
Accuracy: Freedom from error
Symptom Provocation: Observed or patient report of symptoms with movement that evokes a particular response( Ex: change in oxygen saturation, HR, patient-reported pain, dizziness, fear)
