Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

developmental concepts > lecture two: lifespan perspective of the musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

lecture two: lifespan perspective of the musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

movement

A

occurs from the interaction between sensory/perceptual, cognitive, and motor/action systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sensory/perceptual system (afferents)

A

provide sensory info about body and environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cognitive system

A

attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects of motor control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

motor/action system (efferents)

A

neuromuscular and bio mechanical systems control execution of functional movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

motor units

A
  • defined as one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
  • basic functional units of skeletal muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

motor unit activity represents the ____________ of the CNS and their role in motor control is widely studied

A

final output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

functional motor unit

A

higher centers of the nervous system and the effector organs of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

primary motor cortex

A

controls speed and force of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

supplemental motor area

A

involved in preplanning movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

premotor cortex

A

visually guided movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates movements based on accuracy, timing, and intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

basal ganglia

A

controls posture and adaptation to varying tasks or environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

__________ system composes execution structures for movement

A

musculoskeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

two main periods of gestation development (prenatal)

A
  • embryonic period: 0 to day 60 (approx 2 months or 8 weeks)
  • fetal period: day 60 and on
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

stages of early development

A
  • fertilization: day 1
  • implantation: day 6/7
  • gastrulation: day 15/16
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

gastrulation

A
  • phase early in embryonic development of most animals during which single-layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar (“three-layered”) structure known as the gastrula
  • three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

embryogenesis

A

eight weeks after fertilization, embryogenesis is complete and all limb structures are present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

muscular system development (prenatal part one)

A
  • muscular system develops from the mesodermal
  • during 2nd half of gestation, rapid increase in NUMBER and SIZE of muscle fibers
    • type I muscle fibers: slow twitch tonic fibers -> 21 wks gestation
    • type II muscle fibers: fast twitch phasic -> 30 wks gestation
  • all skeletal muscles are developed by birth (all muscles are “mixed muscles” meaning they are a combination of slow and fast twitch)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

muscular system development (prenatal part two)

A
  • change in direction of muscle fibers
    ~ alters muscle fiber orientation
    ~ i.e. trapezius develops into multiple fiber directions
  • splitting in myotomes
    ~ separating into multiple layers
    ~ i.e. biceps brachii has 2 heads
  • degeneration
    ~ formation of aponeurosis (sheet of connective tissue)
    ~ i.e. linea alba in rectus abdominis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

muscular system maturation (infant and childhood)

A
  • number and size of muscle fibers continue to increase
  • differentiation in muscle fiber types
  • increased muscular strength as muscles grow and mature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

at birth, muscle mass is only ____ % of total body mass

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

muscular system maturation for males

A
  • 2 months to 16 yrs: 14 fold increase in fiber number
  • fiber size and strength increases until adolescence
  • 5 to 17 yrs: muscle mass increases to 41-53% of total body mass
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

muscular system maturation for females

A
  • 10 fold increase in fiber number after birth
  • more rapid increase in fiber size compared to males
    • 3 to 10 yrs: peak increase in size
  • 5 to 17 yrs: muscle mass increases to 41-42% of total body mass
24
Q

muscular system maturation (adolescence)

A
  • relative type I and type II fiber ratio has reached adult level
  • growth spurt: increase in skeletal and muscle length
    • length-tension relationship is modified through muscle lengthening as bones grow
    • muscles increase in length through addition of sarcomeres and fibers
  • increased strength -> increased muscle mass
    • males: rapid increase in strength and endurance throughout entirety of adolescence
    • females: peak strength at onset of puberty
    • peak strength seen in young adulthood (early 20s-30s)
25
Q

muscular system maturation (adulthood)

A
  • muscle strength declines at age 30
  • coordination declines in 30s
    • varies among individuals (more physically active adults may not experience as significant of a decline)
    • increased occurrence of muscle strains
  • 50 years old: steady decline in strength; impaired function
  • between 50-70 years old: 30% decline in strength
  • 70 years old: rapid decline in strength
26
Q

each decade, ____% of muscle mass is lost

A

5%

27
Q

muscular system aging (older adults)

A
  • sarcopenia
    • loss of muscle mass and function
    • decrease in: number of fibers, mass of fibers, and number of functional motor units
  • senile muscular atrophy
    • muscle wasting
  • decrease in strength and speed of muscular contraction
    • decreased mobility
    • greater decline in trunk and lower extremities compared to upper extremities
    • pattern of muscle weakness is proximal -> most prominent in back, abdominals, and quadriceps -> impaired balance and equilibrium reactions
28
Q

in older adults, there is an increased rate in loss of ____________ fibers compared to ____________ fibers

A
  • type II fast twitch; type I slow twitch
    • decreased speed of contraction results in loss of muscle power and decreased mobility within limits of postural stability
    • slower reaction times and initiation of voluntary movement leads to impaired balance strategies
      • i.e. impaired ability to perform sit to stand leads to increased occurrence of falls
29
Q

skeletal system structures

A
  • bone cells
    • osteoblast: create bone
    • osteoclast: absorb bone
  • bone tissues
    • compact bone: hard and dense outer layer
    • spongy bone: flexible inner layer containing bone marrow
30
Q

skeletal system functions

A
  • provides structural support for body
  • protects vital organs
  • stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
  • acts as lever for movement
  • stores blood producing cells in bone marrow
31
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of long bone

32
Q

epiphysis

A

end of long bone

33
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

area where bone grows

34
Q

epiphyseal lines

A

area where epiphyseal plates have fused together
- growth is not possible

35
Q

skeletal system development (prenatal part one)

A
  • all bones and cartilage develop from the mesenchyme
  • 3rd to 8th wk: bone and cartilage are differentiated and bone develops
  • 5th wk: mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate -> occurs first in extremities (UE before LE)
  • 6th wk: chondrocytes form cartilage of long bones
36
Q

skeletal system development (prenatal part two)

A

endochondral ossification
- growth of cartilage model: 6th wk
- development of primary ossification center: 7-11th wk
- development of secondary ossification center: after birth
- formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate: after birth

37
Q

skeletal system maturation (at birth)

A
  • diaphysis are well ossified
    • formed by primary ossification center
  • epiphysis are still cartilaginous
    • formed by secondary ossification center
    • most bone fractures occur in this section of long bones
38
Q

primary and secondary curves

A
  • primary curves
    • thoracic and sacral regions of spine
    • kyphotic
    • formed at birth
  • secondary curves
    • cervical and lumbar regions of spine
    • lordotic
    • formed through weight bearing during walking
39
Q

skeletal maturity (I&C)

A
  • achieved when epiphyseal plates close
  • SMI -> skeletal maturity indicators
40
Q

bone age (I&C)

A
  • helps doctors estimate maturity of child’s skeletal system
  • usually done by taking single x-ray of left wrist, hand, and fingers
  • if scoliosis present, can also be done x-raying iliac crests (Risser Sign)
  • safe and painless procedure that uses small amount of radiation
41
Q

skeletal system maturation (I&C)

A
  • bone grows rapidly
    • influenced by genetics, health, and nutrition, and weight bearing
  • changes in growth
    • newborns -> head and trunk are disproportionately larger than adults
    • throughout childhood, pelvis and lower extremities change in length, rotation, angle, and torsion
    • bone remodeling -> weight bearing and movement drive skeletal changes
42
Q

sutures (I&C)

A

hold together the bones that form the skull

43
Q

fontanelles (I&C)

A

soft areas where the bone hasn’t fused yet
- posterior: closes at 2-3 months
- anterior: closes at 12-18 months

44
Q

clinical implications of sutures and fontanelles

A
  • craniosynostosis -> premature closure of sutures
  • cranial orthoses -> worn to help the bones to grow evenly again; won’t be helpful at 18 months
45
Q

skeletal system maturation (adolescence)

A
  • bone remodeling and growth continues
    • influenced by hormones, physical activity, and nutrition
  • growth spurts influence skeletal changes
    • girls: 12-14 yrs old
    • boys: 14-15 yrs old
    • trunk grows before legs
    • skeletal growth occurs quicker than muscular growth (improper length-tension relationship leads to decreased muscle flexibility)
46
Q

skeletal system maturation (growth plates)

A
  • cranial bones have complete fusion at 18 months to allow for development of skull and brain
  • all epiphyseal growth plates close at age 25, typically many are closed before this and your done growing prior to this age
  • precautions
    • fracture across growth plate can lead to asymmetrical growth of that joint
    • use of ultrasound is contraindicated over epiphyseal areas in children
47
Q

skeletal system maturation (adulthood)

A
  • bone growth is complete
  • bone remodeling and density can increase with
    • weight bearing
    • muscular contraction
    • adequate nutrition and calcium intake
  • changes in bone mass
    • peak during late 20s to early 30s
    • remains stable between 30-50
    • bone resorption exceeds bone formation after age 50
48
Q

skeletal system aging (older adults)

A
  • loss of bone mass
    • associated with estrogen decrease
      • females: ~1% per yr before menopause; 4% during first 4-5 yrs after menopause then 1% per yr
      • males: ~0.5% per yr
    • osteopenia: bone loss to where bone mineral density is lower than normal but not low enough to be osteoporosis
    • increased risk of fractures
  • deficient mineralization of bone matrix
    • associated with deficiencies in vitamin D, calcium, and phosphate
    • impairments include diffuse pain, muscle weakness, and intolerance with mechanical load (i.e. weight bearing)
    • osteomalacia: softening of bones
49
Q

structural changes in cartilage of older adults

A
  • water content decreases
  • extracellular matrix becomes rigid
  • death of chondrocytes
  • hyaline cartilage is replaced with fibrocartilage
  • decreased capacity for repair and healing
50
Q

functional impairments in older adults

A
  • decreased strength and flexibility
  • poor posture
51
Q

functional implications (prenatal)

A
  • concerns
    • malleable skeletal system in confined environment change fetus’ position and mechanical forces applied to fetus
    • deformities due to intrauterine molding
  • diagnoses
    • club foot
      • talipes equinovarus
      • congenital deformity
    • congenital hip dysplasia
      • atypical development of hips
    • congenital limb deficiency
      • a portion of upper/lower limb does not form completely or forms abnormally
52
Q

functional implications (infancy and childhood)

A
  • concerns
    • vulnerability of growth plate and cartilage to trauma
      • if an injury occurs here, disruption in blood and nutrients can cause permanent damage to growth of involved limb
    • increased risk of ligament tears or growth plate fracture due to traumatic mechanisms of injury or excessive repetitive stress
      • typically occurs with high velocity activities
  • diagnoses
    • epiphyseal infection and injury
    • growth plate fracture
    • apophyseal avulsion (due to sudden forceful muscular contraction)
    • nursemaid’s elbow (common in toddlers and preschoolers)
53
Q

functional implications (adolescence)

A
  • concerns
    • increased occurrence of stress fractures and apophyseal avulsion fractures
  • diagnoses
    • stress fracture (incomplete fracture commonly occurring in weight bearing bones)
    • apophyseal avulsion fracture (typically occur in pelvis, hip, and tibial tuberosity)
    • slipped capital-femoral epiphysis (slippage of femoral head due to damage to growth plate)
    • scoliosis (abnormal curvature of spine; common in females)
54
Q

functional implications (adulthood and older adults)

A
  • concerns
    • decreased strength and endurance due to age-related changes in bones, muscles, and cartilages
    • increased risk of fractures due to changes in bone mineral density
  • diagnoses
    • back pain secondary to disc changes
    • osteoporosis (bones become weak and brittle; bone resorption > bone formation)
    • osteoarthritis (typically occurs in weight-bearing joints; overweight or obese individuals; accumulated micro trauma and inflammation)
55
Q

precision medicine

A
  • a form of medicine that uses information about a person’s genes, proteins, environment, and lifestyle to prevent, diagnose, or treat disease
  • this includes a person’s age!

developmental concepts (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions