Lecture Two Flashcards
1
Q
What group is OH?
A
Hydroxyl
2
Q
What group is C=O?
A
Carbonyl
3
Q
What group is OPO3^2-?
A
Phosphate group
4
Q
What group is NH2?
A
Amino
5
Q
What group is SH?
A
Sulfhydryl
6
Q
What group is COOH?
A
Carboxyl
7
Q
What group is CH3?
A
Methyl
8
Q
This group (out of the seven main ones) is hydrophobic
A
Sulfhydryl group
9
Q
This group is not reactive, but serves as a recognisable tag
A
Methyl
10
Q
A sugar with a ketone is called a…
A
Ketose
11
Q
A sugar with an aldehyde is called an…
A
Aldose
12
Q
This compound’s suffix is thiol
A
Sulfhydryl
13
Q
Two of this compounds group can react together to form a cross-link that stabilises proteins
A
Sulfhydryl
14
Q
When this compound group is attached, it gives the molecule the ability to react with water, which releases energy
A
Organic phosphates
15
Q
What does ATP stand for?
A
Adenosine triphosphate
16
Q
What does ADP stand for?
A
Adenosine Diphosphate
17
Q
This compound group affects the expression of genes when bonded to DNA or proteins that bind DNA. It also affects the shape and function of sex hormones
A
Methylated compounds
18
Q
ATP has the potential to react with what molecule to release energy in a cell
A
H2O
19
Q
ATP + H2O =…
A
ADP, inorganic phosphate, energy
20
Q
In cells, polymerisation is facilitated by what?
A
Enzymes, usually proteins
21
Q
What reaction joins monomers to polymers?
A
Condensation reactions
22
Q
Condensation reactions in cells typically result in the loss of what small molecule?
A
H2O
23
Q
The loss of H2O in a condensation reaction can also be called a _______ reaction.
A
Dehydration
24
Q
Polymers are broken apart with this reaction.
A
Hydrolysis
25
Hydrolysis is critical in what process?
Digestion
26
Carbohydrates are made of these.
Sugars and polymers of sugars
27
The simplest carb is a....
Monosaccharide
28
A double sugar is called a....
Disaccharide
29
Disaccharides are bonded with what chemical bond?
Covalent bond
30
Carb macromolecules are made of what polymer?
Polysaccharides
31
Monosaccharides are made of a multiple of what?
CH2O
32
If a sugar has 6 carbons, it is called what?
Hexose
33
If a sugar has 5 carbons, it is called what?
Pentose
34
If a sugar has 3 carbons, it is called what?
Triose
35
Energy is extracted in cells from the breakdown of what sugar?
Glucose
36
To be used as energy, a polysaccharide must be...
Broken into monosaccharides
37
What are the two simple carbs?
Monosaccharides and disaccharides
38
What are the two complex carbs?
Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
39
The building blocks of higher order carbs are...
Hexose
40
This sugar is normally part of larger molecules e.g nucleic acid
Pentose
41
Oligosaccharides typically have this many monosaccharides.
3-10
42
What are the two forms of plant carbs?
Starches and cellulose
43
What is the form of animal based carbs?
Glycogen
44
What are the 3 main functions of carbs?
Structure, recognition, energy
45
Why can't a person digest grass?
Because we lack the right enzymes to break them into monosaccharides
46
Nucleic acids are made of these three components.
1-3 phosphate groups, base, sugar
47
RNA contains what compound group in its sugar that DNA doesn't?
Hydroxyl
48
What does RNA use in place of thyamine?
Uracil
49
Proteins are what type of polymer?
Amino acid
50
What differentiates amino acids?
Their side chain
51
How many amino acids are there?
20
52
Protein does what?
Allows cells to perform functions
53
This molecule is not polymerized.
Lipids
54
Triglycerides are an example of what group
Lipids
55
Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophobic
56
What are the 3 main functions of lipids?
Energy, structure, regulation
57
What are the names of the two plant starches?
Amylose and amylopectin
58
What is different about the linkages in cellulose and plant starch?
Cellulose has both alpha and beta linkages, whereas plant starches only have alpha linkages
59
Why is fibre still crucial to a diet when it cannot be broken down by human enzymes?
It applies friction throughout the digestive system, stimulating mucus
60
Most animals that can digest cellulose still lack the correct enzymes. How is this possible?
Their stomachs contain prokaryotes and protists that can break down the polysaccharides into monosaccharides
61
The 3 most important lipids are what?
Steroids, fats, phospholipids
62
Human fats are typically made with which two compounds?
Glycerol (OH group) and fatty acids (COOH then CH)
63
Fats are held together with which linkage?
Ester linkage
64
What is the difference between saturated vs unsaturated fat?
Saturated Fat is a fully saturated molecule (no double bonded C), whereas unsaturated fat is not and contains a double bond
65
Why must unsaturated fats be liquid at room temperature?
Because the double bonds create kinks in the structure
66
This cardiovascular disease forms plaques in the walls of blood vessels which are made of fat, restricting blood flow. This also weakens the walls. Risk for this increases with a diet high in saturated fat.
Athersclerosis
67
Trans fats increase the risk of this heart disease. It causes blockages/build-up of fat in this part of the heart.
Coronary heart disease
68
Fat is stored in what type of tissue?
Adipose tissue
69
What are phospholipids made of?
Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group
70
Phospholipids form what to shield the hydrophobic fatty acids? This is crucial for the existence of cells.
Phospholipid bilayer
71
This is a lipid made of a carbon skeleton with 4 carbon rings
Steroid
72
Cholesterol is this type of lipid
Steroid
73
Proteins account for what percentage of cell mass?
50%
74
Amino acids are made of what two groups?
Amino and carboxyl
75
Protein is made of...
Polypeptides
76
Polypeptides are what linked together?
Amino acids
77
A protein's function depends on what?
Structure
78
What are the 4 levels of protein structure in order?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quatenary
79
Primary protein structure is...
The linear chain of amino acids
80
Secondary protein structure is...
How the polypeptide coils and folds
81
Tertiary protein structure is...
The overall structure of the protein due to R groups
82
Where would amino acids be in the tertiary structure of a protein and why?
In the core as they are hydrophobic.
83
Quaternary protein structure is for...
Proteins with more than one polypeptides
84
The loss of a proteins structure is called...
Denaturation
85
To build a 3D model of a protein, scientists use this method.
X-ray crystallography
86
This is an amino acid programmed by the genes.
Nucleic acid
87
DNA is contained in the nucleus. How does it get information to the ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs?
Using mRNA
88
What polymer are nucleic acids made of?
Polynucleotides
89
What are the 3 components of a mononucleotide?
Phosphate group, nitrogenous base, pentose
90
If there are no phosphate groups attached, a nucleotide is instead called...
A nucleoside
91
What are the 5 nitrogenous bases found in DNA/RNA?
Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine, Adenine, Uracil
92
What nitrogenous base does RNA use that DNA doesn't?
Uracil
93
What are the two categories of nitrogenous bases?
Pyramidine and purine
94
What sugar is found in DNA?
Deoxyribose
95
What sugar is found in RNA?
Ribose
96
What is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?
Deoxyribose lacks an oxygen on the second ring
97
What linkage is used for polynucleotides?
Phosphodiester linkage
98
The sugar phosphate backbone is made of...
One phosphate group and 2 nucleotides
99
What are the two ends of DNA?
One with phosphate on carbon 5, one with OH on 3rd carbon
100
DNA has what type of rotation?
Antiparallel (opposite directions for the polynucleotides)
101
In DNA, Adenine pairs with...
Thymine
102
In RNA, Adenine pairs with...
Uracil
103
Guanine pairs with...
Cytosine
104
What determines RNA's function?
Base pairings within the RNA
