Lecture Six Flashcards
What is energy flow in plants vs animals?
Photosynthesis in plants and cellular respiration in animals.
What does ATP stand for, and what is it made of?
Adenosine triphosphate, and it is made of triphosphate, ribose and adenine.
What is energy needed for?
Maintaining order, material production, to do functions, transport
What is the mitochondrion and what does it do?
Mitochondrion are an organelle which is responsible for ATP synthesis. Their number is dynamic, and suits the cells need (e.g muscle cells will have more mitochondrion due to having more energy needs). Mitochondria have two layers, an outer and inner layer, with the inner layer being highly folded into cristae. They also have two compartments, the matrix which is inside the inner membrane, and the intermembrane space, which is between the two membranes.
Describe the first stage of ATP synthesis in the mitochondria.
In the cytosol, glucose is converted into 2 pyruvate. This generates 2 ATP and high energy electrons, which go to electron carrier NADH.
Describe the second stage of ATP synthesis in the mitochondria.
First, the 2 pyruvate undergoes an oxidation reaction, converting it into 2 Acetyl CoA. This then goes into the citric acid cycle, resulting in ATP, CO2, and high energy electrons going to NADH and FADH2.
Describe the third stage of ATP synthesis in the mitochondria.
There are two parts to the third stage, starting off with the electron transport chain. NADH and FADH2 bring the high energy electrons to the inner membrane, and these electrons will move through the protein complexes embedded in the membrane (NADH in the first one, FADH2 in the second one due to less energy). As the electrons move, H+ is pumped across the cell membrane, resulting in a proton gradient, and is why compartments are so crucial to ATP synthesis. Part two is chemiosmosis. The inner membrane has the protein complex ATP synthase. The protons will then move from a high to the low concentration through the ATP synthase, and the ATP synthase will use that energy to add inorganic phosphate to ADP, resulting in the synthesis of ATP. When the H+ leaves the electron transport chain, it forms H2O.
