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BIOC3021 > lecture ten - carbohydrates > Flashcards

lecture ten - carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

monosaccharides

A

basic building blocks from which all carbs are constructed
have one monomer unit

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2
Q

aldose monosaccharides

A

aldehyde functional group

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3
Q

ketose monosaccharides

A

ketone functional group

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4
Q

oligosaccharides

A

2-10 units

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5
Q

disaccharides

A

specific type of oligosaccharides that have 2 units

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6
Q

polysaccharides

A

have more than 10 units, up to 1000+

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7
Q

D vs L sugar

A

D glucose rotates plane-polarized light clockwise
L glucose rotates plane-polarized light counterclockwise

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8
Q

isomer of the most naturally occurring carbohydrates

A

D-isomer

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9
Q

configuration

A

the 3D arrangement of substituent groups around a chiral center; relates to carbs because they are either D or L isomers based on what their substituent arrangement is

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10
Q

conformation

A

spatial arrangements of a molecule resulting from free rotation about the carbon-carbon single bonds

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11
Q

epimer

A

monosaccharides that differ in stereochemistry at only one chiral carbon

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12
Q

why do most epimers have different chemical names?

A

because they are two different chemicals with different chemical reactivities

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13
Q

glucose

A

simple sugar

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14
Q

fructose

A

simple sugar, found in many plants, often bonded with glucose to from sucrose

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15
Q

galactose

A

simple sugar, usually found combined with other sugars

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16
Q

mannose

A

important in human metabolism

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17
Q

ribose

A

monosaccharide that is used in RNA

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18
Q

deoxyribose

A

monosaccharide found in DNA

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19
Q

N-acetyl-glucosamine

A

monosaccharide derivative of glucose; amide between glucosamine and acetic acid, important in bacterial cell wall

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20
Q

N-acetyl-galactosamine

A

amino sugar derivative of galactose; in humans, it’s the terminal carb forming the antigen of blood type A

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21
Q

maltose

A

disaccharide made of two glucose units, often used in fermentation, linked with 1-4 bond

22
Q

isomaltose

A

made of maltose, linked with 1-6 bond

23
Q

lactose

A

disaccharide made of glucose and galactose, often found in dairy products

24
Q

cellobiose

A

disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta glycosidic linkage; obtained from partial hydrolysis of cellulose

25
Q

sucrose

A

nonreducing disaccharide made of glucose and fructose

26
Q

amylose

A

D-glucose units bonded by α-1,4 glycosidic bond, make up starch

27
Q

glycogen

A

storage carb, α-1,4 and 1-6 linkages

28
Q

cellulose

A

no taste, not digestible, found in plant cell walls

29
Q

mutarotation

A

equilibration between alpha and beta anomers through the open-chain form
results in alpha and beta anomers because when the compounds become cyclic, they become either alpha or beta anomers

30
Q

hemiacetals

A

alcohol and aldehyde group reacted together on the same molecule; formed through the cyclization of an aldose

31
Q

acetal

A

formed from reaction of a second alcohol molecule with a hemiacetal

32
Q

defining characteristic of a reducing sugar

A

can mutarotate through the open chain form to produce an aldehyde

33
Q

why are monosaccharides reducing sugars but methylated derivatives (at the anomeric carbon) not reducing sugars?

A

because methylated derivates become locked in acetal structure which doesn’t allow them to mutarotate

34
Q

most bulky substituents are located…

A

equatorial positions

35
Q

deoxy-sugars

A

lack a hydroxyl group at one of their carbons

36
Q

sugar phosphates

A

at least one covalently bound phosphate residue

37
Q

sugar acids

A

contain at least one carboxyl group

38
Q

sugar alcohols

A

aldehyde or ketone group is replaced by additional hydroxyl group

39
Q

amino sugars

A

have amino group substitutes for one hydroxyl group

40
Q

N-acetyl derivates of glucose and galactose

A

very common components of proteoglycans and glycoproteins

41
Q

what is an N-glycosidic bond and in what compounds are these bonds found?

A

nitrogen atom of an organic base (purine or pyrimidine) is covalently linked to the anomeric group of ribose or deoxyribose
these bonds are found between monosaccharides to form oligo and polysaccharides

42
Q

o-glycosidic bonds

A

link different sugars together to form di, oligo, and polysaccharides

43
Q

difference between an alpha and beta glycosidic bond

A

alpha linkage happens when the linkage from anomeric carbon radiates in the downward direction
beta linkage occurs when the linkage from the anomeric carbon radiates in an upward direction

44
Q

human storage of polysaccharide

A

glycogen; contains 90% alpha 1-4 linkages and 10% alpha 1-6 linkages

45
Q

glucose

A

units in glycogen that form a spiral structure, digestible by humans

46
Q

enzymes act of what ends of glycogen

A

non-reducing ends, facilities its rapid synthesis and catabolism

47
Q

nucleotide sugar

A

something that helps synthesize carbohydrate polymers from monomers

48
Q

synthesis of carb polymers by catalysis

A

catalyzed by enzymes called glycotransferases

49
Q

synthesis of carb polymers from monomers

A

accomplished by a variety of nucleotide sugars

50
Q

cleavage of phosphoester linkages

A

drive the process in direction of polysaccharide

51
Q

major human blood types

A

A, B, O
blood types are named after antigens that are found on the surface of the red blood cells, and these antigens are simple chains of sugars
they are carbohydrates found on cell surfaces, attached to proteins and lipids

BIOC3021 (6 decks)

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