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314 Gastrointestinal > Lecture Summary (AI) Qestions > Flashcards

Lecture Summary (AI) Qestions Flashcards

1
Q

What is GERD?

A

A digestive disorder where stomach acid or bile irritates the esophagus lining, often causing heartburn.

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2
Q

What are common causes of decreased LES tone in GERD?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Chocolate
  • Peppermint
  • Caffeine
  • Fatty foods
  • Morphine
  • Diazepam
  • Calcium channel blockers
  • Anticholinergics
  • Nicotine
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3
Q

List contributing factors to increased gastric pressure in GERD.

A
  • Obesity
  • Pregnancy
  • Large meals
  • Lying flat after eating
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4
Q

Define hiatal hernia.

A

Herniation of part of the stomach into the esophagus through an opening in the diaphragm.

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5
Q

What are common clinical manifestations of GERD?

A
  • Heartburn (pyrosis)
  • Dyspepsia
  • Regurgitation
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6
Q

What additional symptoms may occur due to GERD?

A
  • Wheezing
  • Coughing
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Nighttime coughing
  • Hoarseness
  • Sore throat
  • Lump sensation in throat
  • Choking
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7
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for GERD?

A
  • Barium swallow study
  • EGD (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy) with biopsy
  • 24-hour ambulatory pH monitoring
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8
Q

What complications can arise from GERD?

A
  • Esophagitis
  • Barrett’s esophagus
  • Stenosis
  • Hemorrhage
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9
Q

What nutritional therapy recommendations are there for GERD?

A
  • Avoid chocolate, peppermint, caffeine, tomato, orange juice, and eating before bed
  • Small, frequent meals
  • Chew gum or suck on cough drops to increase saliva production
  • Keep head of bed elevated
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10
Q

What is the pathophysiology of oral cancer?

A

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma affecting the oral cavity, lips, pharynx, or larynx.

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11
Q

Identify common risk factors for oral cancer.

A
  • Age 35+
  • African American men
  • Tobacco use
  • Alcohol
  • Sun exposure
  • HPV infection
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12
Q

What are common clinical manifestations of oral cancer?

A
  • Non-healing mouth sores
  • Persistent mouth pain
  • Voice changes
  • Sore throat
  • Lump in neck
  • Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
  • White patches (leukoplakia)
  • Red patches (erythroplakia)
  • Thickened areas (hyperkeratosis)
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13
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for oral cancer?

A
  • History and physical exam
  • Toluidine blue test
  • Oral exfoliative cytology
  • Biopsy
  • Imaging (CT, MRI, PET scan)
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14
Q

What surgical options are available for oral cancer treatment?

A
  • Laser/local excision
  • Radical neck dissection
  • Mandibulectomy
  • Hemiglossectomy
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15
Q

What nutritional therapy may be required for oral cancer patients?

A
  • PEG/NG tube feedings
  • Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
  • Partial parenteral nutrition (PPN)
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16
Q

What are the risk factors for esophageal cancer?

A
  • Smoking
  • Heavy alcohol use
  • Barrett’s metaplasia
  • Central obesity
  • History of achalasia
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17
Q

What are clinical manifestations of esophageal cancer?

A
  • Pain in later stages
  • Progressive difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
  • Weight loss
  • Regurgitation of blood-tinged contents
  • Sore throat
  • Choking
  • Hoarseness
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18
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for esophageal cancer?

A
  • Endoscopy with biopsy
  • Esophagogram (barium swallow)
  • Bronchoscopy
  • CT/MRI
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19
Q

What are treatment options for esophageal cancer?

A
  • Endoscopic therapy (EMR, photodynamic therapy, laser therapy)
  • Surgical procedures (esophagectomy, esophagogastrostomy)
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20
Q

What postoperative care should be provided after esophageal surgery?

A
  • Turn and practice deep breathing every 2 hours
  • Use incentive spirometer
  • Position in semi-Fowler’s or Fowler’s after eating
  • Expect NG tube drainage
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21
Q

What is Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)?

A

Erosion of the GI mucosa leading to ulcers in the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum.

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22
Q

What are the main causes of PUD?

A
  • H. pylori infection
  • Stress
  • Substances (coffee, alcohol, aspirin, corticosteroids)
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23
Q

What are common symptoms of PUD?

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Bloating
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24
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for PUD?

A
  • Endoscopy with biopsy
  • H. pylori tests (urea breath test, stool antigen test, blood antibody test)
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25
Q

What are complications associated with PUD?

A
  • Hemorrhage
  • Perforation
  • Gastric outlet obstruction
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26
Q

What medication therapies are used for PUD?

A
  • Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
  • H2 Receptor Antagonists
  • Antacids
  • Cytoprotective drugs
  • Antibiotics
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27
Q

What dietary recommendations should be followed for PUD?

A
  • Avoid irritating foods (spicy, acidic)
  • Smoking cessation
  • Avoid alcohol
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28
Q

What surgical options are available for PUD?

A
  • Partial gastrectomy (Billroth I, Billroth II)
  • Vagotomy
  • Pyloroplasty
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29
Q

What is dumping syndrome?

A

A postoperative complication characterized by symptoms like epigastric fullness, weakness, dizziness, and abdominal cramping.

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30
Q

What are the symptoms of dumping syndrome?

A
  • Epigastric fullness
  • Weakness
  • Dizziness
  • Sweating
  • Tachycardia
  • Abdominal cramping
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31
Q

What is the typical age range for gastric cancer risk?

A

60–80 years

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32
Q

What are common symptoms of gastric cancer?

A
  • Bloating
  • Fatigue
  • Early satiety
  • Persistent indigestion
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Stomach pain
  • Unexplained weight loss
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33
Q

What diagnostics are used for gastric cancer?

A
  • Endoscopy with biopsy
  • CT/PET scans
  • Occult blood tests
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34
Q

What are common risk factors for colorectal cancer?

A
  • High red/processed meat diet
  • Obesity
  • Inactivity
  • Alcohol
  • Smoking
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35
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of colorectal cancer?

A
  • Change in bowel habits
  • Ribbon-like stool
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Vague abdominal pain
  • Rectal bleeding
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36
Q

What are the types of hernias?

A
  • Inguinal
  • Umbilical
  • Femoral
  • Ventral/incisional
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37
Q

What are common symptoms of a hernia?

A
  • Pain (worse with lifting/straining/coughing)
  • Strangulation can lead to bowel ischemia
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38
Q

What are the two main types of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)?

A
  • Ulcerative Colitis (UC)
  • Crohn’s Disease
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39
Q

What are common symptoms of Crohn’s disease?

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Crampy pain
  • Dehydration
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40
Q

What complications can arise from Ulcerative Colitis?

A
  • Anemia
  • Tachycardia
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41
Q

What is the role of amino salicylates in IBD treatment?

A

Decrease inflammation.

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42
Q

What is the goal of nutritional therapy in IBD?

A

Avoid triggering foods, correct malnutrition, prevent weight loss, and manage electrolyte loss.

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43
Q

What is the primary purpose of antibiotics in the context of gastrointestinal disorders?

A

Treat infections and reduce inflammation

Example: Metronidazole is a common antibiotic used for these purposes.

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44
Q

What are corticosteroids used for in gastrointestinal disorders?

A

Reduce inflammation

Example: Prednisone is a commonly used corticosteroid.

45
Q

What is the role of immunosuppressants in gastrointestinal disorders?

A

Suppress immune responses

Example: Humira is an immunosuppressant used in treatment.

46
Q

What surgical options are available for Crohn’s disease?

A

Manage strictures, obstructions, bleeding, or fistulas

47
Q

What surgical options are indicated for ulcerative colitis?

A

Severe cases, frequent exacerbations, massive bleeding, perforation, obstruction, or dysplasia

(I guess just repair surgeries? Or take out section of colon)

48
Q

What are the goals of nutritional therapy for gastrointestinal disorders?

A

Avoid triggering foods, correct malnutrition, prevent weight loss, and manage electrolyte loss.

49
Q

During flares of gastrointestinal disorders, what type of nutrition may be required?

A

Liquid enteral nutrition for easy absorption

50
Q

What foods should be avoided during gastrointestinal flares?

A

High-fat, cold, high-fiber foods, and possibly lactose

51
Q

What is ileostomy care focused on?

A

Monitor stoma viability and skin integrity, track output, watch for complications.

52
Q

What are the key points of patient and caregiver education in gastrointestinal disorders?

A

Importance of rest and diet management, proper perianal care, understanding medication effects, recognizing symptoms of recurrence, when to seek medical care, managing stress, cancer screening.

53
Q

What are diverticula?

A

Bulging, pouch-like herniations in the GI wall.

54
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A

Presence of diverticula without symptoms.

55
Q

What is diverticulitis?

A

Inflammation of diverticula.

• Diverticula: Bulging, pouch-like herniations in the GI wall.
• Diverticulosis: Presence of diverticula without symptoms.
• Diverticulitis: Inflammation of diverticula.

56
Q

What are common clinical manifestations of diverticulosis?

A

Bowel irregularity, intermittent diarrhea, nausea, abdominal distention.

57
Q

What are the symptoms of diverticulitis?

A

Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, elevated white blood cells.

58
Q

What complications can arise from diverticulitis?

A

Abscesses, rupture leading to peritonitis, GI bleeding, bowel obstruction, fistula formation.

59
Q

How is diverticulosis diagnosed?

A

Detected via colonoscopy.

60
Q

What imaging techniques are used to diagnose diverticulitis?

A

CT scan or X-ray.

61
Q

What is the initial treatment for acute diverticulitis?

A

Bed rest, NPO, IV antibiotics and fluids.

62
Q

What are the common causes of appendicitis?

A

Obstruction by fecalith.

63
Q

What are the initial symptoms of appendicitis?

A

Dull periumbilical pain that shifts to the right lower quadrant.

64
Q

What are the signs of peritonitis?

A

Board-like abdominal rigidity, retractive respirations, anorexia, increasingly severe abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting.

65
Q

What is the treatment for appendicitis?

A

Appendectomy.

66
Q

What is acute pancreatitis?

A

Inflammation of the pancreas causing severe pain due to enzyme leakage.

67
Q

What are the common causes of acute pancreatitis?

A

Gallbladder disease, chronic alcohol intake, smoking, hypertriglyceridemia.

68
Q

What is autodigestion in the context of pancreatitis?

A

Pancreatic enzymes activated within the pancreas causing damage.

69
Q

What are the main symptoms of acute pancreatitis?

A

Severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, low-grade fever, tachycardia.

70
Q

What laboratory tests are key markers for pancreatitis?

A

Elevated serum amylase and lipase.

71
Q

What is the primary treatment goal for acute pancreatitis?

A

Pain relief and pancreatic rest.

72
Q

What dietary approach is recommended for patients with acute pancreatitis?

A

Initially NPO, then small, frequent, high-carb meals as tolerated.

73
Q

What are the complications of acute pancreatitis?

A

Pseudocyst, pancreatic abscess, systemic issues like pulmonary and cardiovascular complications.

74
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

Liver inflammation, often from viral infections.

75
Q

What are the types of viral hepatitis?

A

A, B, C, D, E.

76
Q

What are common clinical manifestations of hepatitis?

A

Anorexia
fatigue
weight loss
nausea
right upper quadrant pain
jaundice.

77
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for hepatitis?

A

Liver function tests, blood tests for viral antigens/antibodies.

78
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Chronic liver disease with progressive damage leading to fibrosis.

79
Q

What are the common symptoms of cirrhosis?

A

Fatigue, itching, swelling, jaundice, confusion.

80
Q

What are the complications of cirrhosis?

A

Portal hypertension, esophageal varices, hepatic encephalopathy.

81
Q

What is the most common cause of liver cancer in the U.S.?

A

Cirrhosis from chronic Hepatitis C.

82
Q

What is cholelithiasis?

A

Presence of stones in the gallbladder.

83
Q

What are the risk factors for gallbladder disease?

A

Female, multiparity, age > 40, estrogen therapy, sedentary lifestyle, obesity.

84
Q

What is cholecystitis?

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder, often associated with gallstones.

85
Q

What are common symptoms of gallbladder disease?

A

RUQ tenderness, severe pain, obstruction symptoms like dark urine and clay-colored stools.

86
Q

What is the common treatment for symptomatic gallstones?

A

Cholecystectomy.

87
Q

What is the primary cause of gallbladder disease?

A

Cholelithiasis

Cholelithiasis refers to the formation of gallstones.

88
Q

What are the common risk factors for gallbladder disease?

A

Age, obesity, estrogen therapy

These factors increase the likelihood of developing gallbladder disease.

89
Q

What symptoms can occur when gallstones obstruct bile ducts?

A

Dark urine, clay-colored stools

These symptoms result from a blockage in bile flow due to gallstones.

90
Q

What is a common clinical manifestation of cholecystitis?

A

Severe pain in the right upper quadrant (RUQ)

This pain may radiate to the right shoulder or scapula.

91
Q

List some complications of cholecystitis.

A
  • Gangrenous cholecystitis
  • Pancreatitis
  • Biliary cirrhosis
  • Gallbladder rupture
  • Choledocholithiasis

These complications can arise from untreated cholecystitis.

92
Q

Which diagnostic study is commonly used to detect gallstones?

A

Ultrasound

Ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging technique used to visualize gallstones.

93
Q

What is ERCP used for?

A

Visualizes bile ducts and removes stones

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a procedure for diagnosing and treating bile duct issues.

94
Q

What medication is used to dissolve small gallstones?

A

Ursodeoxycholic acid (Actigall)

This medication can help dissolve certain types of gallstones.

95
Q

What are the dietary recommendations post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy?

A
  • Start with liquids
  • Gradually introduce light meals for a few days

This gradual approach helps the digestive system adjust after surgery.

96
Q

What is the most common type of gallbladder cancer?

A

Adenocarcinomas

Primary gallbladder cancer is rare, with most cases being adenocarcinomas.

97
Q

What are early symptoms of gallbladder cancer?

A

Often nonspecific, like cholecystitis

Symptoms can include abdominal pain and digestive issues.

98
Q

What is the average daily caloric requirement for adults?

A

20-35 kcal/kg body weight

Caloric needs may increase during illness or injury.

99
Q

What are the primary sources of calories in the diet?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Fats

Each macronutrient provides energy and plays vital roles in the body.

100
Q

What defines malnutrition?

A

Imbalance or deficit/excess of essential nutrients

This can include both undernutrition and overnutrition.

101
Q

What are common signs of malnutrition?

A
  • Dry skin
  • Brittle nails
  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue
  • Muscle loss

These physical symptoms indicate potential nutritional deficiencies.

102
Q

What are the indications for enteral nutrition?

A
  • Anorexia
  • Orofacial fractures
  • Cancer
  • Critical illness

Enteral nutrition is used when oral intake is not possible.

103
Q

What is the primary risk associated with parenteral nutrition?

A

Refeeding syndrome

This syndrome can cause serious electrolyte imbalances.

104
Q

What is considered obesity?

A

Excessively high amount of body fat leading to abnormal increase in fat cells

Obesity is typically classified with a BMI of 30 or higher.

105
Q

What are the BMI classifications for obesity?

A
  • Overweight: 25–29.9 kg/m²
  • Obese: ≥30 kg/m²
  • Extremely Obese: ≥40 kg/m²

BMI is a common measure used to classify weight status.

106
Q

What are the surgical options for severe obesity?

A
  • Adjustable Gastric Banding
  • Sleeve Gastrectomy
  • Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

These procedures are considered when other weight loss methods have failed.

107
Q

What is the Maestro Rechargeable System?

A

A device implanted in the abdomen that reduces hunger

This system sends pulses to the vagus nerve to promote satiety.

108
Q

What are common complications associated with bariatric surgery?

A
  • Infection
  • Nutrient absorption issues
  • Strictures
  • Dumping syndrome

These complications can arise post-surgery and require monitoring.

314 Gastrointestinal (4 decks)

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