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Lecture Summary (AI) Qestions Flashcards

1
Q

What is GERD?

A

A digestive disorder where stomach acid or bile irritates the esophagus lining, often causing heartburn.

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2
Q

What are common causes of decreased LES tone in GERD?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Chocolate
  • Peppermint
  • Caffeine
  • Fatty foods
  • Morphine
  • Diazepam
  • Calcium channel blockers
  • Anticholinergics
  • Nicotine
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3
Q

List contributing factors to increased gastric pressure in GERD.

A
  • Obesity
  • Pregnancy
  • Large meals
  • Lying flat after eating
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4
Q

Define hiatal hernia.

A

Herniation of part of the stomach into the esophagus through an opening in the diaphragm.

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5
Q

What are common clinical manifestations of GERD?

A
  • Heartburn (pyrosis)
  • Dyspepsia
  • Regurgitation
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6
Q

What additional symptoms may occur due to GERD?

A
  • Wheezing
  • Coughing
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Nighttime coughing
  • Hoarseness
  • Sore throat
  • Lump sensation in throat
  • Choking
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7
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for GERD?

A
  • Barium swallow study
  • EGD (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy) with biopsy
  • 24-hour ambulatory pH monitoring
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8
Q

What complications can arise from GERD?

A
  • Esophagitis
  • Barrett’s esophagus
  • Stenosis
  • Hemorrhage
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9
Q

What nutritional therapy recommendations are there for GERD?

A
  • Avoid chocolate, peppermint, caffeine, tomato, orange juice, and eating before bed
  • Small, frequent meals
  • Chew gum or suck on cough drops to increase saliva production
  • Keep head of bed elevated
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10
Q

What is the pathophysiology of oral cancer?

A

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma affecting the oral cavity, lips, pharynx, or larynx.

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11
Q

Identify common risk factors for oral cancer.

A
  • Age 35+
  • African American men
  • Tobacco use
  • Alcohol
  • Sun exposure
  • HPV infection
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12
Q

What are common clinical manifestations of oral cancer?

A
  • Non-healing mouth sores
  • Persistent mouth pain
  • Voice changes
  • Sore throat
  • Lump in neck
  • Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
  • White patches (leukoplakia)
  • Red patches (erythroplakia)
  • Thickened areas (hyperkeratosis)
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13
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for oral cancer?

A
  • History and physical exam
  • Toluidine blue test
  • Oral exfoliative cytology
  • Biopsy
  • Imaging (CT, MRI, PET scan)
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14
Q

What surgical options are available for oral cancer treatment?

A
  • Laser/local excision
  • Radical neck dissection
  • Mandibulectomy
  • Hemiglossectomy
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15
Q

What nutritional therapy may be required for oral cancer patients?

A
  • PEG/NG tube feedings
  • Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
  • Partial parenteral nutrition (PPN)
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16
Q

What are the risk factors for esophageal cancer?

A
  • Smoking
  • Heavy alcohol use
  • Barrett’s metaplasia
  • Central obesity
  • History of achalasia
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17
Q

What are clinical manifestations of esophageal cancer?

A
  • Pain in later stages
  • Progressive difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
  • Weight loss
  • Regurgitation of blood-tinged contents
  • Sore throat
  • Choking
  • Hoarseness
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18
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for esophageal cancer?

A
  • Endoscopy with biopsy
  • Esophagogram (barium swallow)
  • Bronchoscopy
  • CT/MRI
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19
Q

What are treatment options for esophageal cancer?

A
  • Endoscopic therapy (EMR, photodynamic therapy, laser therapy)
  • Surgical procedures (esophagectomy, esophagogastrostomy)
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20
Q

What postoperative care should be provided after esophageal surgery?

A
  • Turn and practice deep breathing every 2 hours
  • Use incentive spirometer
  • Position in semi-Fowler’s or Fowler’s after eating
  • Expect NG tube drainage
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21
Q

What is Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)?

A

Erosion of the GI mucosa leading to ulcers in the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum.

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22
Q

What are the main causes of PUD?

A
  • H. pylori infection
  • Stress
  • Substances (coffee, alcohol, aspirin, corticosteroids)
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23
Q

What are common symptoms of PUD?

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Bloating
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24
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for PUD?

A
  • Endoscopy with biopsy
  • H. pylori tests (urea breath test, stool antigen test, blood antibody test)
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25
What are complications associated with PUD?
* Hemorrhage * Perforation * Gastric outlet obstruction
26
What medication therapies are used for PUD?
* Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) * H2 Receptor Antagonists * Antacids * Cytoprotective drugs * Antibiotics
27
What dietary recommendations should be followed for PUD?
* Avoid irritating foods (spicy, acidic) * Smoking cessation * Avoid alcohol
28
What surgical options are available for PUD?
* Partial gastrectomy (Billroth I, Billroth II) * Vagotomy * Pyloroplasty
29
What is dumping syndrome?
A postoperative complication characterized by symptoms like epigastric fullness, weakness, dizziness, and abdominal cramping.
30
What are the symptoms of dumping syndrome?
* Epigastric fullness * Weakness * Dizziness * Sweating * Tachycardia * Abdominal cramping
31
What is the typical age range for gastric cancer risk?
60–80 years
32
What are common symptoms of gastric cancer?
* Bloating * Fatigue * Early satiety * Persistent indigestion * Nausea * Vomiting * Stomach pain * Unexplained weight loss
33
What diagnostics are used for gastric cancer?
* Endoscopy with biopsy * CT/PET scans * Occult blood tests
34
What are common risk factors for colorectal cancer?
* High red/processed meat diet * Obesity * Inactivity * Alcohol * Smoking
35
What are the clinical manifestations of colorectal cancer?
* Change in bowel habits * Ribbon-like stool * Unexplained weight loss * Vague abdominal pain * Rectal bleeding
36
What are the types of hernias?
* Inguinal * Umbilical * Femoral * Ventral/incisional
37
What are common symptoms of a hernia?
* Pain (worse with lifting/straining/coughing) * Strangulation can lead to bowel ischemia
38
What are the two main types of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)?
* Ulcerative Colitis (UC) * Crohn’s Disease
39
What are common symptoms of Crohn’s disease?
* Diarrhea * Crampy pain * Dehydration
40
What complications can arise from Ulcerative Colitis?
* Anemia * Tachycardia
41
What is the role of amino salicylates in IBD treatment?
Decrease inflammation.
42
What is the goal of nutritional therapy in IBD?
Avoid triggering foods, correct malnutrition, prevent weight loss, and manage electrolyte loss.
43
What is the primary purpose of antibiotics in the context of gastrointestinal disorders?
Treat infections and reduce inflammation ## Footnote Example: Metronidazole is a common antibiotic used for these purposes.
44
What are corticosteroids used for in gastrointestinal disorders?
Reduce inflammation ## Footnote Example: Prednisone is a commonly used corticosteroid.
45
What is the role of immunosuppressants in gastrointestinal disorders?
Suppress immune responses ## Footnote Example: Humira is an immunosuppressant used in treatment.
46
What surgical options are available for Crohn's disease?
Manage strictures, obstructions, bleeding, or fistulas
47
What surgical options are indicated for ulcerative colitis?
Severe cases, frequent exacerbations, massive bleeding, perforation, obstruction, or dysplasia (I guess just repair surgeries? Or take out section of colon)
48
What are the goals of nutritional therapy for gastrointestinal disorders?
Avoid triggering foods, correct malnutrition, prevent weight loss, and manage electrolyte loss.
49
During flares of gastrointestinal disorders, what type of nutrition may be required?
Liquid enteral nutrition for easy absorption
50
What foods should be avoided during gastrointestinal flares?
High-fat, cold, high-fiber foods, and possibly lactose
51
What is ileostomy care focused on?
Monitor stoma viability and skin integrity, track output, watch for complications.
52
What are the key points of patient and caregiver education in gastrointestinal disorders?
Importance of rest and diet management, proper perianal care, understanding medication effects, recognizing symptoms of recurrence, when to seek medical care, managing stress, cancer screening.
53
What are diverticula?
Bulging, pouch-like herniations in the GI wall.
54
What is diverticulosis?
Presence of diverticula without symptoms.
55
What is diverticulitis?
Inflammation of diverticula. • Diverticula: Bulging, pouch-like herniations in the GI wall. • Diverticulosis: Presence of diverticula without symptoms. • Diverticulitis: Inflammation of diverticula.
56
What are common clinical manifestations of diverticulosis?
Bowel irregularity, intermittent diarrhea, nausea, abdominal distention.
57
What are the symptoms of diverticulitis?
Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, elevated white blood cells.
58
What complications can arise from diverticulitis?
Abscesses, rupture leading to peritonitis, GI bleeding, bowel obstruction, fistula formation.
59
How is diverticulosis diagnosed?
Detected via colonoscopy.
60
What imaging techniques are used to diagnose diverticulitis?
CT scan or X-ray.
61
What is the initial treatment for acute diverticulitis?
Bed rest, NPO, IV antibiotics and fluids.
62
What are the common causes of appendicitis?
Obstruction by fecalith.
63
What are the initial symptoms of appendicitis?
Dull periumbilical pain that shifts to the right lower quadrant.
64
What are the signs of peritonitis?
Board-like abdominal rigidity, retractive respirations, anorexia, increasingly severe abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting.
65
What is the treatment for appendicitis?
Appendectomy.
66
What is acute pancreatitis?
Inflammation of the pancreas causing severe pain due to enzyme leakage.
67
What are the common causes of acute pancreatitis?
Gallbladder disease, chronic alcohol intake, smoking, hypertriglyceridemia.
68
What is autodigestion in the context of pancreatitis?
Pancreatic enzymes activated within the pancreas causing damage.
69
What are the main symptoms of acute pancreatitis?
Severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, low-grade fever, tachycardia.
70
What laboratory tests are key markers for pancreatitis?
Elevated serum amylase and lipase.
71
What is the primary treatment goal for acute pancreatitis?
Pain relief and pancreatic rest.
72
What dietary approach is recommended for patients with acute pancreatitis?
Initially NPO, then small, frequent, high-carb meals as tolerated.
73
What are the complications of acute pancreatitis?
Pseudocyst, pancreatic abscess, systemic issues like pulmonary and cardiovascular complications.
74
What is hepatitis?
Liver inflammation, often from viral infections.
75
What are the types of viral hepatitis?
A, B, C, D, E.
76
What are common clinical manifestations of hepatitis?
Anorexia fatigue weight loss nausea right upper quadrant pain jaundice.
77
What are the diagnostic tests for hepatitis?
Liver function tests, blood tests for viral antigens/antibodies.
78
What is cirrhosis?
Chronic liver disease with progressive damage leading to fibrosis.
79
What are the common symptoms of cirrhosis?
Fatigue, itching, swelling, jaundice, confusion.
80
What are the complications of cirrhosis?
Portal hypertension, esophageal varices, hepatic encephalopathy.
81
What is the most common cause of liver cancer in the U.S.?
Cirrhosis from chronic Hepatitis C.
82
What is cholelithiasis?
Presence of stones in the gallbladder.
83
What are the risk factors for gallbladder disease?
Female, multiparity, age > 40, estrogen therapy, sedentary lifestyle, obesity.
84
What is cholecystitis?
Inflammation of the gallbladder, often associated with gallstones.
85
What are common symptoms of gallbladder disease?
RUQ tenderness, severe pain, obstruction symptoms like dark urine and clay-colored stools.
86
What is the common treatment for symptomatic gallstones?
Cholecystectomy.
87
What is the primary cause of gallbladder disease?
Cholelithiasis ## Footnote Cholelithiasis refers to the formation of gallstones.
88
What are the common risk factors for gallbladder disease?
Age, obesity, estrogen therapy ## Footnote These factors increase the likelihood of developing gallbladder disease.
89
What symptoms can occur when gallstones obstruct bile ducts?
Dark urine, clay-colored stools ## Footnote These symptoms result from a blockage in bile flow due to gallstones.
90
What is a common clinical manifestation of cholecystitis?
Severe pain in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) ## Footnote This pain may radiate to the right shoulder or scapula.
91
List some complications of cholecystitis.
* Gangrenous cholecystitis * Pancreatitis * Biliary cirrhosis * Gallbladder rupture * Choledocholithiasis ## Footnote These complications can arise from untreated cholecystitis.
92
Which diagnostic study is commonly used to detect gallstones?
Ultrasound ## Footnote Ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging technique used to visualize gallstones.
93
What is ERCP used for?
Visualizes bile ducts and removes stones ## Footnote Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a procedure for diagnosing and treating bile duct issues.
94
What medication is used to dissolve small gallstones?
Ursodeoxycholic acid (Actigall) ## Footnote This medication can help dissolve certain types of gallstones.
95
What are the dietary recommendations post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy?
* Start with liquids * Gradually introduce light meals for a few days ## Footnote This gradual approach helps the digestive system adjust after surgery.
96
What is the most common type of gallbladder cancer?
Adenocarcinomas ## Footnote Primary gallbladder cancer is rare, with most cases being adenocarcinomas.
97
What are early symptoms of gallbladder cancer?
Often nonspecific, like cholecystitis ## Footnote Symptoms can include abdominal pain and digestive issues.
98
What is the average daily caloric requirement for adults?
20-35 kcal/kg body weight ## Footnote Caloric needs may increase during illness or injury.
99
What are the primary sources of calories in the diet?
* Carbohydrates * Proteins * Fats ## Footnote Each macronutrient provides energy and plays vital roles in the body.
100
What defines malnutrition?
Imbalance or deficit/excess of essential nutrients ## Footnote This can include both undernutrition and overnutrition.
101
What are common signs of malnutrition?
* Dry skin * Brittle nails * Weight loss * Fatigue * Muscle loss ## Footnote These physical symptoms indicate potential nutritional deficiencies.
102
What are the indications for enteral nutrition?
* Anorexia * Orofacial fractures * Cancer * Critical illness ## Footnote Enteral nutrition is used when oral intake is not possible.
103
What is the primary risk associated with parenteral nutrition?
Refeeding syndrome ## Footnote This syndrome can cause serious electrolyte imbalances.
104
What is considered obesity?
Excessively high amount of body fat leading to abnormal increase in fat cells ## Footnote Obesity is typically classified with a BMI of 30 or higher.
105
What are the BMI classifications for obesity?
* Overweight: 25–29.9 kg/m² * Obese: ≥30 kg/m² * Extremely Obese: ≥40 kg/m² ## Footnote BMI is a common measure used to classify weight status.
106
What are the surgical options for severe obesity?
* Adjustable Gastric Banding * Sleeve Gastrectomy * Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass ## Footnote These procedures are considered when other weight loss methods have failed.
107
What is the Maestro Rechargeable System?
A device implanted in the abdomen that reduces hunger ## Footnote This system sends pulses to the vagus nerve to promote satiety.
108
What are common complications associated with bariatric surgery?
* Infection * Nutrient absorption issues * Strictures * Dumping syndrome ## Footnote These complications can arise post-surgery and require monitoring.

314 Gastrointestinal (4 decks)

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