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Large animal GI > Lecture: Specific diseases of foals > Flashcards

Lecture: Specific diseases of foals Flashcards

1
Q

Proliferative Enteropathy

(Lawsonia intracellularis)

CS

A
  • 3-4 months (weanlings)
  • Lose tons of protein
    • Edema
  • Lethargy
  • Variable fecal consistency
  • Weight loss/ ill thrift
  • Colic
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2
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis

Diagnosis

A
  • Panhypoproteinemia
  • Inc SI wall thickness
  • Fecal PCR
  • Serum antibody
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3
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis

TX/ Prognosis

A
  • Macrolides
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Tetracyclines
  • Treatment for a couple weeks
  • Plasma not necessary
    • Prognosis good
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4
Q

Colic in neonates

A
  • Decisions similar to adults
  • Therapy
    • medical/surgical
  • Lesion location
    • small/large other
  • Response to pain medication
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5
Q

Colic in neonates

Diff in DX approach

A
  • Foals dramatic
  • Abominal distension can be measured
  • Rectal exam done digitally
  • difficult to obtain NG reflux
  • U/S
    • gastric size
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6
Q

Ultrasound evaluates

A
  • Umbilical structures
  • Intestine
    • wall thickness
    • distention
    • echogenicity (fluid vs gas)
  • Peritoneal fluid - character
  • specific lesions
    • intussusception
    • bladder distention
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7
Q

Meconium retention

A
  • First 48 hours
  • Clinical signs
    • straining
    • colic
    • dark/tarry feces in rectum
  • Diagnosis
    • digital rectal
    • U/S
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8
Q

Meconium retention

TX

A
  • Enemas
    • soapy water
    • Retention - acetylcysteine => mucolytic
  • IV fluids
  • Pain management
  • Intestinal lubricants
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9
Q

Neonatal noninfectious diarrhea

A
  • Foal heat diarrhea
  • nutritional
  • asphyxia related gut injury
  • other
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10
Q

Foal - heat diarrhea

A
  • most common non-infectious cause of diarrhea
  • non-fetid low volume, soft to watery
    • non-debilitating
  • Timing occurs with mare’s foal heat
    • 5-15 days of age
  • TX usually not required
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11
Q

Nutritional causes

Foal diarrhea

A
  • typically milk replacers
    • improper preparation
    • change in brand
  • bovine
    • greater fat content
  • Goat milk
    • better
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12
Q

Lactose intolerance

Primary

Secondary

Treatment

A
  • Primary
    • congenital lactase deficiency rare
  • Secondary
    • infectious diarrhea
      • rotavirurs
      • clostridium
  • results in osmotic diarrhea in large colon
  • Treatment
    • withdrawal of milk
    • lactase supplementation
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13
Q

Asphyxia-related gut injury

A
  • intolerant to feeding
  • severely ill foals
  • may colic
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14
Q

Sand

A

Some foals preferentially eat sand

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15
Q

Infectious diarrhea

A
  • sepsis
  • bacterial
  • viral
  • parasites
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16
Q

Sepsis

A
  • 50% of foals with diarrhea are bacteremic
  • diarrhea common presenting complaint for foals
  • Assume any sick foal < 2 weeks old with diarrhea is septic
    • in foals antimicrobial therapy IS warranted
17
Q

Salmonella

A
  • Mare is usual source
  • CS
    • fever
    • diarrhea
    • dehydration
    • colic
  • any age
18
Q

Salmonella

Sequelae

A
  • High risk for synovial infections
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Infectious synovitis
  • Uveitis
  • Pneumonia
  • Meningitis
19
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A
  • bloody diarrhea within first 48 hours of life
  • healthy vigorous foals prior to onset
20
Q

Clostridium perfringens

Type A

A
  • Alpha toxin, enterotoxin
  • Transient bloody stool
  • Colic
  • Fever
  • Lower mortality (<30%)
21
Q

Clostridium perfringens

Type C

A
  • alpha, beta toxin
  • hemorrhagic diarrhea
  • colic
  • abdominal distention
  • shock
  • high mortality (>75%)
22
Q

Clostridium difficile

A
  • More age variability
    • enteritis +/- hemorrhagic diarrhea
  • Similar to disease in adults
23
Q

Clostridium

Prevention

A
  • Vaccinate pregnant mare
    • type C and D toxoid
  • Management
    • reduce grain for mare periparturent period
    • clean environment
  • Medication
    • anti-toxin
24
Q

Rotavirus

A
  • Most common infectious cause of diarrhea in foals
  • Group A (NAVLE)
  • 5-35 days of age (up to 60 days)
  • Highly contagious
  • Short incubation period
  • Fecal oral transmission
25
Q

Rotavirus

Pathophysiology

A
  • Affects small intestine
  • Villous tip blunting
  • Results in brush border enzyme (lactase) deficiency
    • inadequate digestion
    • leads to osmotic diarrhea in colon
26
Q

Rotavirus

Diagnosis

A
  • Farm history
  • Numbers affected
  • Physical exam findings
  • Fecal antigen tests (cheap and easy and quick)
    • sensitive
    • rapid dx
27
Q

Clostridium

Treatment/Management

A
  • Supportive care - IV/oral fluids
  • +/- antibiotics < 2 weeks old
  • Maternal vaccine - modest protection
  • isolation
    • typically shed ~ 10 days
    • phenol based disinfection
  • Biosecurity
28
Q

Uncommon infectious diarrhea causes in foals

A
  • coronavirus
  • cryptosporidium parvum
  • giardia
  • strongyloides westeri

Large animal GI (5 decks)

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