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Large animal GI > Lecture: Ruminants > Flashcards

Lecture: Ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

Ruminant PE

GI emphasis

A
  • External palpation of rumen fill, stratification
  • Rumen contractions per 2 minutes
  • Pinging
  • Rectal exam
  • Grunt test, Wither’s pinch test
  • Oral exam last
  • Rumination
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2
Q

Rumen analysis

A
  • pH
  • Wet mount under mineral oil
    • protozoa motility and population
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3
Q

Big ruminant GI issues

A
  • Forestomach diseases
  • Diarrhea
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4
Q

Indigestion

Simple

A
  1. Depression
  2. Dec appetite
  3. Dec rumen contractions
  4. Rumen distention
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5
Q

Indigestion

Severe

A
  1. Sudden, dramatic change in attitude
  2. Dec appetite
  3. Dec milk production
  4. Recumbency
  5. Dehydration
  6. Complete rumen stasis with gas cap
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6
Q

Indigestion

Lactic Acidosis

A
  1. Anorexia
  2. Dehydration
  3. Inc HR; Inc RR
  4. Recumbency
  5. Complete GI stasis
  6. Bloat
  7. Semi-coma/coma
  8. Blindness
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7
Q

Indigestion

DX

A
  • Rumen fluid analysis
  • Lactic acidosis
  • Dehydration
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8
Q

Indigestion

TX (simple/severe)

A
  • Ruminotoric: raises pH
  • Ca supplementation
  • Transfaunation
  • Thiamine (brain insurance)
    • imp for brain function
  • Good quality forage
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9
Q

Indigestion

TX: Lactic acidosis

A
  • IV fluids (to support CV system)
  • Rumenotomy: start over
  • Transfaunation
  • Calcium, magnesium
  • Thiamine, NSAID
  • Antibiotics
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10
Q

Indigestion

Prognosis

Sequelae

Prevention

A
  • Simple-severe: Good
  • Lactic acidosis: 30-90% mortality
  • Sequelae
    • rumen infections/necrosis
    • peritonitis
    • hepatic abscess: common cause ruminitis
    • vena cava thrombosis
  • Prevention
    • gradual intro cereal grains
    • good roughage
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11
Q

Bloat

about

A
  • can’t eruct
  • vagal n. damage
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12
Q

Free Gas bloat

CS

A
  • abdominal distention:
    • rumen can obstruct lower esophageal sphincter
  • Pings
  • Sudden death 1-5 hours
  • Necropsy: bloat line in esophagus
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13
Q

Free gas bloat

TX

A
  • Pass stomach tube
  • Trocharization
    • can cause secondary peritonitis
  • ID rumen fistula in calves
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14
Q

Frothy bloat

Cause

CS

A
  • Lush pasture feeding: legumes (clover, alfalfa)
  • CS like bloat but no PING
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15
Q

Frothy Bloat

TX

A
  • anti-foaming agents
    • poloxalene
    • vegetable oil (very little)
  • Oral fluids
  • Calcium
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16
Q

Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis

A
  • More common in late pregnancy, parturition
  • metals land in reticulum
    • local peritonitis: small perf
    • generalized peritonitis: large perf
    • Perf reticular wall and diaphragm
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17
Q

Acute TRP

CS

A
  • Sudden drop in milk production
  • anorexia, lethargy
  • dec fecal output
  • fever
  • inc HR, RR
  • Cranial abdominal pain
    • positive grunt/withers pinch test
    • abducted elbows, arched back
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18
Q

Localized TRP

CS

A
  • Often vage
  • when chronic
    • weight loss
    • poor lactation
    • rough hair coat
    • vagal indigestion
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19
Q

TRP

DX

A
  • Reticular rad
  • high white count
  • ab tap not useful usually
  • U/S
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20
Q

TRP

TX

Prevention

A
  • TX
    • Magnet
    • treat peritonitis or cull
  • Prevention
    • magnet
    • clean environment
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21
Q

Vagal indigestion

A
  • Disruption of forestomach emptying
    • failure of omasal transport
    • failure of abomasal emptying
  • Predisposing factors
    • Adhesions - TRP
    • Irritation of vagal nerve
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22
Q

Vagal Indigestions

CS

A
  • Papple
  • Reduced feed intake
  • dec milk prod
  • bradycardia
  • variable rumen sounds
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23
Q

vagal indigestion

DX

A
  • Lab data
    • normal: omasal transit failure
    • hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis: abomasal transit disruption
  • Rumen analysis
    • chloride, pH, protozoa
  • Ultrasound
  • Rads (hardware)
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24
Q

Vagal Indigestion

DDX

A
  • Indigestion
  • Bloat (Gas or frothy)
  • Proximal GI dz
    • omasal or abomasal impaction
    • SI obstruction

*exploratory laparotomy usually required to establish underlying cause

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25
Q

Vagal Indigestion

Prognosis

A
  • Good if luminal obstruction found
  • Poor if associated with adhesions
  • Pregnant animals often improve after calving
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26
Q

LDA

about

A
  • abomasum migrates between rumen and left abdominal wall
    • partial pyloric obstruction
  • any ruminant, any age
  • most common in lactating dairy cattle in first 3 months after calving
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27
Q

LDA

risk factors

A
  • Diet
  • Hypocalcemia
  • inherited predisposition
  • concurrent illness
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28
Q

LDA

CS

A
  • Left sided ping
  • drop in milk production
29
Q

LDA

DX

A
  • Left sided ping
  • lab data
    • aciduria
    • ketosis
30
Q

LDA

TX

A
  • R. Paralumbar omentopexy
31
Q

RDA

A
  • Right sided ping
  • others same as LDA
32
Q

Right-sided ping

DDX

A
  • RDA
  • Abomasal volvulus
  • Cecal dilatation/volvulus
  • Gas in other structures
    • this ping will diminish quickly
33
Q

Abomasal Volvulus

about

A
  • May follow RDA
  • Pylorus ends up near reticulum
34
Q

Abomasal Volvulus

CS

TX

A
  • CS
    • like displacement, but sicker
    • lethargy, dehydration, inc HR, RR
  • TX
    • R. flank omentopexy
    • fluid resuscitation
35
Q

Abomasal Volvulus

Prognosis

Sequelae

A
  • Prognosis
    • < 50% after 24 hrs
    • < 5% after 48 hrs
  • Sequelae
    • atony, and failure of abomasal emptying
    • abomasal impaction
    • vagal indigestion
36
Q

Abomasal Ulceration

about

A
  • Intensive rearing
    • calves (younger animals)
    • cows first 6 weeks after calving
  • Stress
  • Concurrent dz
  • NSAID therapy
  • Bleeding vs perforating
  • can’t scope abomasums
37
Q

Abomasal ulceration

CS

A
  • similar to TRP (cranial abdominal pain)
    • anorexia
    • fever
    • rumen stasis
    • focal abdominal pain
    • bruxism
  • Bleeding ulcers
    • dark tarry feces
    • Pale mucous membranes
    • rapid pulse
    • weakness
    • cool extremeties
38
Q

Abomasal ulceration

DX

A
  • History, PE
  • Lab data
    • peritoneal tap
    • leukocytosis/leukopenia (peritonitis)
    • anemia, hypoproteinemia
  • Ultrasound
39
Q

Abomasal ulceration

TX

Prognosis

A
  • Antacids only in calves
  • Prognosis
    • poor if perfed
    • good if bleeding
40
Q

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

about

A
  • Major cause of early calf mortality
  • Hypersecretory
  • STa most important toxin in calves
    • heat-stabile toxin
    • rapid onset
41
Q

ETEC

CS

A
  • 1st week of life
  • mild to severe diarrhea, dehydration
42
Q

ETEC

lab data

A
  • metabolic acidosis
    • extreme bicarb loss
  • dec glucose
43
Q

ETEC

DX

A
  • Age (<1 wk old)
  • CS (diarrhea)
44
Q

ETEC

Prevention

A
  • clean environment
  • colostrum transfer
45
Q

Rotavirus

A
  • youngest calves sickest
  • can be mixed infection with E. Coli
  • short incubation period
46
Q

Rotavirus

Pathophysiology

A
  • Same as foals
  • SI only
  • Localized to villous tips
  • Enzyme deficiencies: lactase
  • Net secretion: osmotic diarrhea
47
Q

Rotavirus

CS

A
  • Same as foal
  • Non-specific, watery diarrhea
  • worse in younger calves
48
Q

Rotavirus

DX

A
  • Many commercial tests
  • usually treatment is same
49
Q

Rotavirus

Prevention

A
  • same as foals
  • biosecurity
  • phenol based disinfectants
50
Q

Coronavirus

A
  • older calves (7-21d)
  • SI and colon involvement (whole GI tract)
  • 1-25% mortality (higher than rotavirus)
51
Q

Coronavirus

CS

A
  • Diarrhea
  • dehydration
  • Mucus in feces b/c of colon involvement
  • signs can last > 7d
52
Q

Coronavirus

DX

A
  • Fecal tests
    • EM
    • ELISA
  • FA test of tissues
  • adults and calves can shed virus
53
Q

Coronavirus

prevention

A
  • Bacterin
  • colostrum
  • clean environment
54
Q

Salmonellosis

A
  • Dublin cattle specific
  • infection fecal-oral
  • distal SI, cecum, colon
  • calves get bacteremic
    • synovitis
    • osteomyelitis
    • pneumonia
    • meningitis
55
Q

Salmonellosis

CS

A
  • Infection usualy at > 14 days
    • as early as 4 days
  • fever
  • diarrhea: often bloody
56
Q

Salmonellosis

lab data

A
  • Dec WBC, left shift and toxic
  • dehydration
  • metabolic acidosis
  • dec sodium, chloride
57
Q

Salmonellosis

DX

A
  • Necropsy
    • fibrinonecrotic or diphtheritic membranes in distal SI, cecum, and/or colon
  • Blood culture
  • Fecal culture: 5 negs is a neg
58
Q

Salmonellosis

Prevention

A
  • Environmental hygiene
59
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum

about

A
  • Coccidian parasite
  • age 5-15 days
  • high morbidity
  • low mortality
  • NOT HOST SPECIFIC
  • Fecal-oral
  • Villous atrophy, fusion, crypt inflammation
60
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum

CS

DX

TX/Prevention

A
  • CS
    • Mild, non-specific
    • dehydration
    • resolves in 7 days
  • DX
    • acid fast
  • TX
    • none
  • Prevention
    • wash hands
    • be clean
61
Q

Coccidiosis

about

A
  • Eimeria bovis; Eimeria zuernii
  • 2-4 months
62
Q

Coccidiosis

CS

A
  • loose feces
  • dull haircoat
  • ill thrift
63
Q

Coccidiosis

DX

TX

Prevention

A
  • DX
    • > 5,000 eggs/gram significant
  • TX
    • amprolium or sulfamethazine
  • Prevention
    • Monensin
    • Lasalocid
    • Amprolium
64
Q

Clostridium perfringens

about

A
  • Calves < 14 days
  • Bloody diarrhea
  • Very sick calves
  • bacterin in replacement, less incidence in well managed farms
65
Q

Clostridium perfringens

DX

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Minimal acidosis
  • Toxin ID
66
Q

Clostridium perfringens

TX

A
  • antibiotics (penicillin)
  • Thiamine
  • Anti-toxin
67
Q

Clostridium perfringens

Prevention

A
  • Type C and D toxoid prior to calving
68
Q

Recumbent/weak calves

A
  • Recumbent
    • 12-15% dehydrated
    • BD of 15-20 mEq/L
  • Weak
    • 8-12% dehydrated
    • BD of 10-15 mEq/L
  • IV fluid therapy
  • ideally improve w/in 6 hours
  • milk
    • only withdraw for 6-12 hours
    • don’t mix with electrolytes (messes up with clot)
69
Q

Ambulatory Calves

A
  • 5-8% dehydrated
  • BD of 5-10 mEq/L
  • Oral fluid therapy
    • alkalinizing
    • energy (glucose)
    • 4-6 L daily

Large animal GI (5 decks)

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