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Psy 251 Adulthood > Lecture Slides > Flashcards

Lecture Slides Flashcards

1
Q

_______ or _______ in many physical functions

occur very gradually through the 40s and 50s

A

Changes ; declines

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2
Q

Define middle adulthood

A

the developmental
period for adults ranging 40 to 45 years of
age to 60 to 65 years of age.

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3
Q

A full evaluation of age requires consideration

of:

A
  • Chronological age
  • Biological age
  • Psychological age
  • Sociocultural age
  • Perceived age
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4
Q

Exercise capability

declines

A

1% per
year beginning
between 35 and 40

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5
Q 
Late midlife (55 to 65) is likely to be
characterized by:
A
  • Death of a parent.
  • The last child leaving the parental home.
  • Becoming a grandparent.
  • Preparation for and actual retirement.
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6
Q

Visible signs of physical changes:

A 
• Skin wrinkles and sags.
• Age spots appear.
• Hair thins and grays.
• Nails thicken and become more
brittle.
• Teeth yellow.
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7
Q

Maximum oxygen

uptake (VO2 max):

A 
a
measure of the body’s
ability to take in and
transport oxygen to
various body organs
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8
Q

As adults become older, their age _____ is

younger than their ________age.

A

identity ; chronological

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9
Q

Lung tissue becomes
___ _____ around
age 55, decreasing
lung capacity.

A

Less elastic

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10
Q

Sarcopenia:

A

an age-related loss of muscle mass

and strength.

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11
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
improves with
practice at
almost every
age
A

weight-training

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12
Q 
Strength is at
its peak in the
\_\_\_ and \_\_\_
and then
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

20s; 30s

declines

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13
Q

How much sleep is necessary for optimal

performance the next day?

A

8 hours or more

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14
Q

Ineffective immune system

functioning is linked to ___ _____

A

Less sleep

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15
Q

White matter volume ________ until middle adulthood and then _________

A

Increases; decreases

Crests

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16
Q

Grey matter volume ________ from childhood and then ___________ at the end of middle adulthood

A

declines; levels off

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17
Q

________________ increases at a regular rate across the lifespan

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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18
Q

The general rule of

brain maturation is:

A 
the areas of the
brain that develop last
are the ones that
begin to decline first;
• Namely areas located
within the frontal and
parietal lobes
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19
Q

The brains of alcoholics differ in _________ and ________.

A

Electrical activity; grey matter volume

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20
Q

Adults with serious mental illnesses, such as
depression and schizophrenia, have brains with
distinct brain structure variations. Did these brain variations happen before or after the onset of the mental illness?

A

It is not yet known if the brain differences happen before or after the onset of the difficulties

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21
Q

Presbyopia:

A 
Normal loss of
visual acuity with aging,
especially the ability to focus
the eyes on near objects (ie,
things get blurry)
• The ability to focus on near
objects deteriorates rapidly in
the 40s and early 50s
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22
Q

At what age can hearing start to decline?

A

Forty

decline accelerates after age 55

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23
Q

Which type of sounds are typically lost first?

A

High pitched sounds

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24
Q

Normal loss of hearing with aging,

especially of high-frequency or very low-frequency tones

A

Presbycusis

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25
Q

Climacteric

A

the adult period during which

reproductive capacity declines or is lost

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26
Q

Climacteric in men

A

extremely gradual, with a
slow loss of reproductive capacity
• High degree of individual variation; men have been
reported to father children as late as age 90
• Probably due to a slow decrease in testosterone
levels

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27
Q

Effects of decreased testosterone levels

A
  • Gradual muscle loss (and strength)
  • Increased risk of heart disease
  • Increased sexual dysfunction
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28
Q

Erectile dysfunction;

A

difficulty attaining or maintaining

erection occurs in approx. 50% of men aged 40-70 years

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29
Q

Which are the only five mammals that experience menopause?

A
  • Humans
  • Orcas
  • Pilot whales
  • belugas
  • narwhals
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30
Q

Menopause

A

The cessation of monthly menstrual
cycles in middle-aged women

Due to a decline in key sex hormones (Estrogen
and progesterone)

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31
Q

What is the average age of menopause?

A

51 years;

ranges from 39-59 years.

32
Q

What are the three phases of menopause?

A
  • premenopausal phase
  • perimenopausal phase
  • postmenopausal phase
33
Q

the stage of menopause during
which estrogen levels fall somewhat, menstrual periods are
less regular, and anovulatory cycles begin to occur

A

– Premenopausal phase

34
Q

the stage of menopause during
which estrogen and progesterone levels are erratic, menstrual
cycles may be very irregular, and women begin to experience
symptoms such as hot flashes (75% of women experience)

A

Perimenopausal phase

35
Q

the last stage of menopause; a
woman is postmenopausal when she has had no menstrual
periods for a year or more

A

Postmenopausal phase

36
Q

Menopause symptoms include:

A 
nausea
fatigue
rapid heartbeat
irritability
hot flashes
37
Q

Hot flashes

A 
sudden sensations of feeling hot; core
body temperature drops
• skin temperature can rise by up to 4 degrees C
• can occur 1/day or 3X/hr
• results in sleep deprivation
38
Q

Psychological Effects of Menopause

A

– Menopause has been viewed as a time of
emotional upheaval

– But research shows that most women do not have
major psychological or physical problems

– Experts have reported no connection between
menopausal status and major depressive disorder

– Negativity during menopause may stem from a
woman’s overall negativity and life stressors
before entering menopause

– Individual differences: Women with significant
symptoms, and whose symptoms last the longest,
experience the most depression and negative
moods

39
Q

Sleep deprivation from menopause symptoms may result in:

A 
– emotional lability
– mental confusion
– difficulty with everyday memory tasks
– and be misdiagnosed as depression or
generalized anxiety disorder
40
Q

Pros and Cons of hormone replacement therapy

A 
• Most of the physical
symptoms and effects of
menopause can be
dramatically reduced by
taking estrogen and
progesterone
• But then research suggested
that the risk of endometrial
cancer increased three- to
ten-fold in women taking
replacement estrogen

• More recent research investigating the relationship
between HRT and cancer have not confirmed a cancer
risk when women take HRT for less than 5 years

• A combination of estrogen and progesterone at quite
low doses:
– has the same benefits as estrogen alone, but
without the increased risk of endometrial cancer
– Decreases some other important health risks while
increasing others

41
Q

The decline of sexual activity in middle age is more likely to be from the demands
from _________, rather than the result of declining
_________

A

other roles; hormones

42
Q

Main cause of death for individuals in middle adulthood

A

chronic diseases
• Cancer continues to be the number one cause,
followed by cardiovascular disease.
• Men have higher mortality rates than women for all
the leading causes of death.

43
Q

a chronic, non-communicable disease
characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells,
which form masses of tissue called tumours.

A

Cancer

44
Q

The lifetime probability of Canadians

developing cancer is

A 
45% for men and 42% for
women; 2 out of 5 Canadians will develop
cancer in their lifetime
In Canada, men have a 29% and women have
a 24% probability of dying from cancer
45
Q

which caner is the number one cause of

cancer deaths in Canada

A

Lung cancer

46
Q

2 in 3 cancer deaths are the result of two

controllable factors:

A

Smoking and diet

47
Q

Infectious agents that cause cancer

A

– HPV is a sexually transmitted infection linked
with several different cancers
– Epstein-Barr virus is linked with several cancers
– H. pylori bacteria is linked with several cancers
also

48
Q

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A

A set of
disease processes in the heart and circulatory
system; causes a variety of physical problems,
especially in the arteries - the key problem is in
the arteries

49
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

narrowing of the arteries
caused by deposits of a fatty substance called
plaque
• eventually arteries may become completely
blocked
• Significant arterial blockage in the coronary
arteries results in a heart attack
• Significant arterial blockage in the brain results
in a stroke

50
Q

CVD decreased by __ between___ and

___

A

70%; 1956-2002

51
Q

CVD remains a leading cause of death among

middle-aged adults in Canada, accounting for:

A

– 20% of all deaths among those ages 45 to 54

– 24% among those ages 55 to 64

52
Q

_____ of Canadians >___years old have

three or more risk factors for CVD

A

one-third; 20

– These risks are cumulative, not just additive
▪High cholesterol is more serious for a diabetic
than for a non-diabetic

53
Q

Cardiologists that described a connection between heart disease and personality in the 1970s?

A

Drs Friedman &

Rosenman

54
Q

Three key traits of type A personality

A

• Strongly
competitive
orientation

• Impatience and
time-urgency

• anger and hostility

55
Q

Three key traits of type B personality

A

• Relatively relaxed,
patient, easy going
and amicable

• Less hurried and less
competitive

• Less easily angered

56
Q

Type A
personality and Coronary
Heart Disease

A 
• Decades of research show
a modest correlation
between Type A
personality and Coronary
Heart Disease

• A stronger link emerged:
hostility/anger and CHD.

• Hostility may be the
critical factor.

57
Q

Stress and cardiac events

A

• Stress can elicit a cardiac
event in 30-70% of CHD
patients

• Angry outbursts are
particularly dangerous

• 2hrs after an angry
outburst patients have an
elevated risk of heart
attack (5X) and stroke
(3X).
58
Q

Heart disease and depression

A

• Studies show elevated
rates of HD in people who
are depressed.

• Studies further show that it
is not HD that causes
depression - depression
may cause HD

59
Q

Type D

personality

A 
exhibit a chronic
pattern of emotional
distress combined with
a tendency to suppress
negative emotions; at
higher risk of death
following a heart attack
60
Q

The Framingham Heart Study

A

-a long term
epidemiological study

• began in 1948 when participants were 30-59
years old

  • 5209 adults tested repeatedly
  • identified characteristics that predicted CVD
61
Q

cancer and heart disease risk factors from smoking

A

Cancer
Substantially increases the
risk of lung cancer; also
implicated in other cancers.

Heart Disease
Major risk; the more you
smoke, the greater the risk.
Quitting smoking reduces risk.

62
Q

Blood pressure and risk of heart disease

A

Systolic pressure above 140 or
diastolic pressure above 90
linked to higher risk.

63
Q

Weight and risks of cancer and heart disease

A 
Cancer
Being overweight is linked to
increased risk of several
cancers, including breast
cancer, but the risk is
smaller than for heart
disease.
Heart disease
Some increased risk with any
weight above the normal range;
risk is greater for those with
weight 20% or more above
recommended weight.
64
Q

Cholesterol and heart disease risk

A

Clear risk with elevated levels

of low-density lipoproteins.

65
Q

Cancer and Heart disease risk factors related to inactivity

A

Cancer
inactivity is associated in
some studies with higher
rates of colon cancer.

Heart Disease
Inactive adults have about
twice the risk as those who
exercise.

66
Q

Cancer and heart disease risk factors related to diet

A 
Cancer
Results are still unclear; a highfat diet is linked to risks of
some cancers; high-fibre diets
appear to be protective for
some cancers.
Heart Disease
High-fat, low-fibre diet increases
risk; antioxidants, such as vitamin
E, vitamin C, or beta-carotene,
may decrease risk.
67
Q

Alcohol and risk of cancer and heart disease

A

Cancer
Heavy drinking is associated
with cancers of the digestive
system.

Heart Disease
Moderate intake of alcohol,
especially wine, is linked to
decreased cardiovascular disease
(CVD) risk; heavy drinking can
weaken the heart muscle.
68
Q

Hereditary risk factors for cancer and heart disease

A

Cancer
Some genetic component with
nearly every cancer.

Heart Disease
Those with first-degree relatives
with CVD have seven to ten times
the risk; those who inherit a gene
for a particular protein are up to
twice as likely to have CVD.
69
Q

Nearly __ times as many men as women die of

heart disease between the ages of __and __

A

3; 45 and 54

70
Q

The Seattle Longitudinal Study

A

• Initiated by K. Warner Schaie, the study involves an
extensive evaluation of intellectual abilities during
adulthood, assessing participants at seven-year
intervals from 1956 to 2012.

71
Q

5 intellectual abilities studied in the Seattle Longitudinal Study

A
  • Verbal comprehension.
  • Verbal memory.
  • Spatial orientation.
  • Inductive reasoning.
  • Perceptual speed.
72
Q

Four strategies that, within their domain, distinguish

experts from novices:

A

• Relying on accumulated experience.

• Processing information automatically and analyze it
more efficiently.

  • Better strategies and shortcuts.
  • More creativity and flexibility
73
Q

memory for general information

A

Semantic memory

Example: What is the capital of BC?

74
Q

Memory made up of chronological, or temporarily dated,
recollections of personal experiences. It is a record of things you’ve
done, seen or heard.

A

Episodic memory:

Examples:
Your 8th birthday
• eating breakfast this morning

75
Q

Three memory basics

A
  1. Encoding; forming a memory code
  2. Storage; where memories are kept (neural web)
  3. Retrieving; pulling information out of longterm
    memory
76
Q

Encoding

A

involves forming a memory code.
Encoding is heavily influenced by attention:
You need to pay attention to something if you want to remember
it.

Psy 251 Adulthood (4 decks)

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