Lecture Slides Flashcards

1
Q

_______ or _______ in many physical functions

occur very gradually through the 40s and 50s

A

Changes ; declines

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2
Q

Define middle adulthood

A

the developmental
period for adults ranging 40 to 45 years of
age to 60 to 65 years of age.

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3
Q

A full evaluation of age requires consideration

of:

A
  • Chronological age
  • Biological age
  • Psychological age
  • Sociocultural age
  • Perceived age
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4
Q

Exercise capability

declines

A

1% per
year beginning
between 35 and 40

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5
Q
Late midlife (55 to 65) is likely to be
characterized by:
A
  • Death of a parent.
  • The last child leaving the parental home.
  • Becoming a grandparent.
  • Preparation for and actual retirement.
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6
Q

Visible signs of physical changes:

A
• Skin wrinkles and sags.
• Age spots appear.
• Hair thins and grays.
• Nails thicken and become more
brittle.
• Teeth yellow.
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7
Q

Maximum oxygen

uptake (VO2 max):

A
a
measure of the body’s
ability to take in and
transport oxygen to
various body organs
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8
Q

As adults become older, their age _____ is

younger than their ________age.

A

identity ; chronological

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9
Q

Lung tissue becomes
___ _____ around
age 55, decreasing
lung capacity.

A

Less elastic

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10
Q

Sarcopenia:

A

an age-related loss of muscle mass

and strength.

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11
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
improves with
practice at
almost every
age
A

weight-training

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12
Q
Strength is at
its peak in the
\_\_\_ and \_\_\_
and then
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

20s; 30s

declines

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13
Q

How much sleep is necessary for optimal

performance the next day?

A

8 hours or more

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14
Q

Ineffective immune system

functioning is linked to ___ _____

A

Less sleep

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15
Q

White matter volume ________ until middle adulthood and then _________

A

Increases; decreases

Crests

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16
Q

Grey matter volume ________ from childhood and then ___________ at the end of middle adulthood

A

declines; levels off

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17
Q

________________ increases at a regular rate across the lifespan

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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18
Q

The general rule of

brain maturation is:

A
the areas of the
brain that develop last
are the ones that
begin to decline first;
• Namely areas located
within the frontal and
parietal lobes
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19
Q

The brains of alcoholics differ in _________ and ________.

A

Electrical activity; grey matter volume

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20
Q

Adults with serious mental illnesses, such as
depression and schizophrenia, have brains with
distinct brain structure variations. Did these brain variations happen before or after the onset of the mental illness?

A

It is not yet known if the brain differences happen before or after the onset of the difficulties

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21
Q

Presbyopia:

A
Normal loss of
visual acuity with aging,
especially the ability to focus
the eyes on near objects (ie,
things get blurry)
• The ability to focus on near
objects deteriorates rapidly in
the 40s and early 50s
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22
Q

At what age can hearing start to decline?

A

Forty

decline accelerates after age 55

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23
Q

Which type of sounds are typically lost first?

A

High pitched sounds

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24
Q

Normal loss of hearing with aging,

especially of high-frequency or very low-frequency tones

A

Presbycusis

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25
Climacteric
the adult period during which | reproductive capacity declines or is lost
26
Climacteric in men
extremely gradual, with a slow loss of reproductive capacity • High degree of individual variation; men have been reported to father children as late as age 90 • Probably due to a slow decrease in testosterone levels
27
Effects of decreased testosterone levels
* Gradual muscle loss (and strength) * Increased risk of heart disease * Increased sexual dysfunction
28
Erectile dysfunction;
difficulty attaining or maintaining | erection occurs in approx. 50% of men aged 40-70 years
29
Which are the only five mammals that experience menopause?
- Humans - Orcas - Pilot whales - belugas - narwhals
30
Menopause
The cessation of monthly menstrual cycles in middle-aged women Due to a decline in key sex hormones (Estrogen and progesterone)
31
What is the average age of menopause?
51 years; | ranges from 39-59 years.
32
What are the three phases of menopause?
- premenopausal phase - perimenopausal phase - postmenopausal phase
33
the stage of menopause during which estrogen levels fall somewhat, menstrual periods are less regular, and anovulatory cycles begin to occur
– Premenopausal phase
34
the stage of menopause during which estrogen and progesterone levels are erratic, menstrual cycles may be very irregular, and women begin to experience symptoms such as hot flashes (75% of women experience)
Perimenopausal phase
35
the last stage of menopause; a woman is postmenopausal when she has had no menstrual periods for a year or more
Postmenopausal phase
36
Menopause symptoms include:
``` nausea fatigue rapid heartbeat irritability hot flashes ```
37
Hot flashes
``` sudden sensations of feeling hot; core body temperature drops • skin temperature can rise by up to 4 degrees C • can occur 1/day or 3X/hr • results in sleep deprivation ```
38
Psychological Effects of Menopause
– Menopause has been viewed as a time of emotional upheaval – But research shows that most women do not have major psychological or physical problems – Experts have reported no connection between menopausal status and major depressive disorder – Negativity during menopause may stem from a woman’s overall negativity and life stressors before entering menopause – Individual differences: Women with significant symptoms, and whose symptoms last the longest, experience the most depression and negative moods
39
Sleep deprivation from menopause symptoms may result in:
``` – emotional lability – mental confusion – difficulty with everyday memory tasks – and be misdiagnosed as depression or generalized anxiety disorder ```
40
Pros and Cons of hormone replacement therapy
``` • Most of the physical symptoms and effects of menopause can be dramatically reduced by taking estrogen and progesterone ``` ``` • But then research suggested that the risk of endometrial cancer increased three- to ten-fold in women taking replacement estrogen ``` • More recent research investigating the relationship between HRT and cancer have not confirmed a cancer risk when women take HRT for less than 5 years • A combination of estrogen and progesterone at quite low doses: – has the same benefits as estrogen alone, but without the increased risk of endometrial cancer – Decreases some other important health risks while increasing others
41
The decline of sexual activity in middle age is more likely to be from the demands from _________, rather than the result of declining _________
other roles; hormones
42
Main cause of death for individuals in middle adulthood
chronic diseases • Cancer continues to be the number one cause, followed by cardiovascular disease. • Men have higher mortality rates than women for all the leading causes of death.
43
a chronic, non-communicable disease characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells, which form masses of tissue called tumours.
Cancer
44
The lifetime probability of Canadians | developing cancer is
``` 45% for men and 42% for women; 2 out of 5 Canadians will develop cancer in their lifetime In Canada, men have a 29% and women have a 24% probability of dying from cancer ```
45
which caner is the number one cause of | cancer deaths in Canada
Lung cancer
46
2 in 3 cancer deaths are the result of two | controllable factors:
Smoking and diet
47
Infectious agents that cause cancer
– HPV is a sexually transmitted infection linked with several different cancers – Epstein-Barr virus is linked with several cancers – H. pylori bacteria is linked with several cancers also
48
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
A set of disease processes in the heart and circulatory system; causes a variety of physical problems, especially in the arteries - the key problem is in the arteries
49
Atherosclerosis
narrowing of the arteries caused by deposits of a fatty substance called plaque • eventually arteries may become completely blocked • Significant arterial blockage in the coronary arteries results in a heart attack • Significant arterial blockage in the brain results in a stroke
50
CVD decreased by __ between___ and | ___
70%; 1956-2002
51
CVD remains a leading cause of death among | middle-aged adults in Canada, accounting for:
– 20% of all deaths among those ages 45 to 54 | – 24% among those ages 55 to 64
52
_____ of Canadians >___years old have | three or more risk factors for CVD
one-third; 20 – These risks are cumulative, not just additive ▪High cholesterol is more serious for a diabetic than for a non-diabetic
53
Cardiologists that described a connection between heart disease and personality in the 1970s?
Drs Friedman & | Rosenman
54
Three key traits of type A personality
• Strongly competitive orientation • Impatience and time-urgency • anger and hostility
55
Three key traits of type B personality
• Relatively relaxed, patient, easy going and amicable • Less hurried and less competitive • Less easily angered
56
Type A personality and Coronary Heart Disease
``` • Decades of research show a modest correlation between Type A personality and Coronary Heart Disease ``` • A stronger link emerged: hostility/anger and CHD. • Hostility may be the critical factor.
57
Stress and cardiac events
• Stress can elicit a cardiac event in 30-70% of CHD patients • Angry outbursts are particularly dangerous ``` • 2hrs after an angry outburst patients have an elevated risk of heart attack (5X) and stroke (3X). ```
58
Heart disease and depression
• Studies show elevated rates of HD in people who are depressed. • Studies further show that it is not HD that causes depression - depression may cause HD
59
Type D | personality
``` exhibit a chronic pattern of emotional distress combined with a tendency to suppress negative emotions; at higher risk of death following a heart attack ```
60
The Framingham Heart Study
-a long term epidemiological study • began in 1948 when participants were 30-59 years old * 5209 adults tested repeatedly * identified characteristics that predicted CVD
61
cancer and heart disease risk factors from smoking
Cancer Substantially increases the risk of lung cancer; also implicated in other cancers. Heart Disease Major risk; the more you smoke, the greater the risk. Quitting smoking reduces risk.
62
Blood pressure and risk of heart disease
Systolic pressure above 140 or diastolic pressure above 90 linked to higher risk.
63
Weight and risks of cancer and heart disease
``` Cancer Being overweight is linked to increased risk of several cancers, including breast cancer, but the risk is smaller than for heart disease. ``` ``` Heart disease Some increased risk with any weight above the normal range; risk is greater for those with weight 20% or more above recommended weight. ```
64
Cholesterol and heart disease risk
Clear risk with elevated levels | of low-density lipoproteins.
65
Cancer and Heart disease risk factors related to inactivity
Cancer inactivity is associated in some studies with higher rates of colon cancer. Heart Disease Inactive adults have about twice the risk as those who exercise.
66
Cancer and heart disease risk factors related to diet
``` Cancer Results are still unclear; a highfat diet is linked to risks of some cancers; high-fibre diets appear to be protective for some cancers. ``` ``` Heart Disease High-fat, low-fibre diet increases risk; antioxidants, such as vitamin E, vitamin C, or beta-carotene, may decrease risk. ```
67
Alcohol and risk of cancer and heart disease
Cancer Heavy drinking is associated with cancers of the digestive system. ``` Heart Disease Moderate intake of alcohol, especially wine, is linked to decreased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk; heavy drinking can weaken the heart muscle. ```
68
Hereditary risk factors for cancer and heart disease
Cancer Some genetic component with nearly every cancer. ``` Heart Disease Those with first-degree relatives with CVD have seven to ten times the risk; those who inherit a gene for a particular protein are up to twice as likely to have CVD. ```
69
Nearly __ times as many men as women die of | heart disease between the ages of __and __
3; 45 and 54
70
The Seattle Longitudinal Study
• Initiated by K. Warner Schaie, the study involves an extensive evaluation of intellectual abilities during adulthood, assessing participants at seven-year intervals from 1956 to 2012.
71
5 intellectual abilities studied in the Seattle Longitudinal Study
* Verbal comprehension. * Verbal memory. * Spatial orientation. * Inductive reasoning. * Perceptual speed.
72
Four strategies that, within their domain, distinguish | experts from novices:
• Relying on accumulated experience. • Processing information automatically and analyze it more efficiently. * Better strategies and shortcuts. * More creativity and flexibility
73
memory for general information
Semantic memory Example: What is the capital of BC?
74
Memory made up of chronological, or temporarily dated, recollections of personal experiences. It is a record of things you’ve done, seen or heard.
Episodic memory: Examples: Your 8th birthday • eating breakfast this morning
75
Three memory basics
1. Encoding; forming a memory code 2. Storage; where memories are kept (neural web) 3. Retrieving; pulling information out of longterm memory
76
Encoding
involves forming a memory code. Encoding is heavily influenced by attention: You need to pay attention to something if you want to remember it.