Lecture: Scientists in the Immunology Field Flashcards
Discovered remarkable relationship between exposure to cowpox & immunity to smallpox. He injected material from cowpox postules to the skin of person who had not smallpox. He called this procedure vaccination
Edward Jenner
Accidently found out that older cultures would not cause a disease in chickens. He subsequently injected more virulent organisms & had no effect on birds previously exposed to older cultures. He called this process of making the organism avirulent, attenuation. In this manner, the first attenuated vaccines were discovered & later on he applied the principle of attenuation to the prevention of rabies.
Louis Pasteur
Introduced the term phagocytosis after observing foreign objects in a transparent starfish larvae surrounded & destroyed by motile cells. He hypothesized that immunity to disease was based on the action of these scavenger cells.
Ellie Metchnikoff
Developed diphtheria & tetanus antitoxins neutralizing diphtheria & tetanus toxins. Foundation of serotherapy.
Emil von Behring
Shisaburo Kitasato
Demonstrated that for an antibody to lyse or destroy bacteria, a second thermolabile factor or series of nonspecific protein substance is found in normal human serum causes this phenomenon. He called this nonspecific substance, complement.
Jules Bordet
Postulated the cellular origin of antibodies. He said that cells have side chain projections used not only for nutrition but also programmed to release a specific protein during an encounter with an antigen. He called this phenomenon key in lock interaction. He formulated the side chain theory of antibody formation
Paul Ehrlich
Provided evidence that an immune response could be damaging as well as beneficial by showing anaphylaxis as immunologic reaction. They worked on ways of desentisizing animals to the sting of Actinaria, a jellyfish. They were trying to alleviate or suppress allergic of hypersensitivity reaction by injecting the same antigen at increasing doses, instead anaphylaxis developed after the second injection of the same antigen or same glycerin extract obtained from tentacles of the jellyfish.
Charles Richet
Paul Portier
Linked the two theories by showing that humoral & cellular factors were involved in a normal immune response. He observed that humoral or circulating factors called opsonins coated bacteria rendering them susceptible to phagocytosis. This observation gave him the idea that serum factors were formed in response to exposure to foreign substances. He called these serum factors, antibodies.
Almont Wright
In addition to his discovery of delayed hypersensitivity reactions, introduced the immune phenomenon he studied – that immunity could be transferred from one animal to the other by means of serum.
Clemens von Pirquet
Formulated the genetic theory of tumor transplantation.
Clarence Little
Developed the quantitative precipitin assay, ushering in the era of quantitative immunochemistry.
Michael Heidelberger
Provided evidence for identity of the gene for blood group antigens with one gene for tumor resistance in mouse.
Peter Gorer
Provided evidence that antibodies are gammaglobulins.
Arne Tiselius
Elvin Kabat
Introduced fluorescence labeling of antibodies.
Albert Coons
Introduced adjuvants
Jules Freund
Used skin grafts to show that tolerance is acquired characteristics of the lymphoid cells – a key feature of clonal selection theory.
Peter Medawar
Proposed the first generally accepted clonal selection hypothesis of adaptive immunity.
Frank MacFarlane Burnet
Reported that dizygotic twin cattle, which were true chimeras, were immunologically tolerant of each other tissues and serum – description of tolerance (chimerism) in dizygotic cattle twins.
Ray Owen
Worked out the genetics on murine MHC & generated the congenic strains needed for its biological analysis laying the groundwork for our current understanding of MHC in T cell biology.
George Snell
Developed precipitin test in gels and the idiotypes.
Jacques Ouidin
Discovered immunoglobulins as “transporteurs”.
Pierre Grabar
Developed double immunodiffusion test in gels.
Ojran Ouchterlony
Stephen Elek
Discovered plasma cells as antibody-producing cells
Astrud Fargaeus
Provided experimental evidence of acquired immunologic tolerance
Milan Hasek
An early pioneer in the study of the human major histocompatibility complex or HLA.
Jean Dausset
Introduced radioimmunoassay
Rosalyn Yalow
Made crucial discoveries about the structure of immunoglobulins, the first complete sequence of antibody molecule
Gerald Edelman
Discovered IgE as reaginic antibody
Kimishige Ishizaka
Discovered that bursa of Fabricius is responsible for generating the cells capable of manufacturing antibodies – B cells.
Noel Warmer
Were interested in transplantation
E. Doumal Thomas
Joseph Murray
Discovered immune response genes and collaborated in the first demonstration of MHC restriction
Baruj Benacerraf
Discovered that adaptive immunity is mediated by lymphocytes, focusing the attention of immunologists on these small cells
James Gowans
Developed the hemolytic plaque assay and several important immunological theories, including an early version of clonal selection, a prediction that lymphocyte receptors would be inherently biased to MHC recognition, and the idiotype
Niels Jerne
Pioneered monoclonal antibody production from hybrid antibody-forming cells with Cesar Milstein
George Kohler
Pioneered monoclonal antibody production George Kohler
Cesar Milstein
Worked out the polypeptide structure of an antibody molecule, layering the groundwork for its analysis by protein sequencing
Rodney Porter
Discovered the somatic recombination of immunological receptor genes that underlies the generation of diversity in human and murine antibodies and T cells receptors
Susumo Tonegawa
