Lecture Quiz #4 Flashcards
What are the main characteristics of fibrous joints?
Fibrous joints are immovable, because the bones are firmly united by fibrous tissue. Examples include joints (sutures) between most bones of the skull.
What are the main characteristics of cartilaginous joints?
Cartilaginous joints are capable of only a slight rocking movement. Examples include the intervertebral disks between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae in the spine.
What are the main characteristics of synovial joints?
Synovial joints are freely movable joints such as the shoulder and stifle joints. All synovial joints share some common characteristics, including articular surfaces on the bones, articular cartilage covering the articular surfaces, and a fluid-filled joint cavity enclosed by a joint capsule. Firm connective tissue bands called ligaments may help stabilize the bones and hold the joint together.
What is synovial fluid and why is it important to the functioning of a synovial joint?
Synovial fluid is necessary for normal joint function. Synovial fluid moves into the cartilage when a joint is resting, and moves out into the joint space when the joint is active, particularly when the joint is engaged in a weight-bearing activity such as exercise. Synovial fluid lubricates the joints and permits smooth movement. It also provides important nutrients to them
What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?
A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone. Tendons may also attach muscles to structures such as the eyeball. A tendon serves to move the bone or structure. A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable.
Make the following joint movements with your own body: abduction, adduction, circumduction,
extension, flexion, and rotation.
OK!
Name the different types of synovial joints and give examples of each
- gliding joints (or planar joints) ▬ the carpals of the wrist
- hinge joints ▬ the elbow
- pivot joints ▬ atlanto-axial joint, proximal radioulnar joint, and distal radioulnar joint
- condyloid joints (or ellipsoidal joints) ▬ radiocarpal joint
- saddle joints ▬ joint of thumb (between the metacarpal and carpal - the trapezium)
- ball and socket joints ▬ the shoulder (glenohumeral), and hip joints
- compound joints ( ==> sometimes excluded to give a total of 6 types of joints )»_space;
……………………..▬ the knee joint
What are all the types of movements that synovial joints can do?
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation and circumduction
Understand: adduction, abduction, circumduction, flexion, etc.
Be able to identify types of joint movement and which types of joints can do which movement
I will think about it!
Name four specific skeletal differences/names that are different from birds as compared to cats
Reduction in # of bones
Fusion of bones to form plates strength/simplify movement
Reduction of density-bony braces
Loss of internal bone matrix
What are the common bones of the avian forelimb?
Second digit Major metacarpal Alula ( 1st digit) Humerus Radius Ulna
What are the common bones of the avian hind limb?
Femur
Tibiotarsus
Tarsometatarsus
Hallux
What are the differences in avian vertebrae?
Have less vert in 3 central regions
MORE in cervical and coccygeal 11-25 cerv vert
Atlas has single condyle ball and socket joint - >range motion
Thoracic ridged and some posses uncinate process to strengthen for flight
What are avian air sacs?
Thin walled, lightly vascularized, transparent membranes that make up 80% of total volume of respiratory system.
How many avian air sacs are there?
Nine - four are paired
Paired: cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic, cervical and abdominal.
The unpaired sac is the interclavicular located in the thoracic inlet btw clavicles
What is the function of avian air sacs?
Reserves for air and provide warmth and moisture to facilitate diffusion through lung capillaries
Help thermoregulation by internal evap of water
Provide buoyancy to water birds
Name basic parts of the feather
Inferior umbilicus Superior umbilicus Calamus Rachis Vane Barb Hooklet Barbule
What is the main group of muscles involved in flight?
Pectoralis
Supracoracoideus
Describe red slow twitch muscle
Can carry out sustained levels of exercise as opposed to short bursts
Lots of hemoglobin and dependent on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
Describe white fast twitch muscle
Good but short bursts of power
Uses glycogen
Found in poorly flighted or non flighted birds
What is muscle?
One of the 4 basic types of tissue.
Made up of cells that can shorten or contract
What are the 3 types of muscle and what are some general characteristics of each?
Skeletal - striated, voluntary control for movement
Smooth - non striated and found throughout the body - air passageways, blood vessels, reproductive tract, bladder, stomach etc
Cardiac - striated, involuntary heart only
What is the diff btw tendon and aponeurosis?
Tendons are bands of fibrous connective tissue
Aponeurosis are sheets of fibrous connective tissue
What is origin of muscle?
The more stable of a muscles attachment points
What is the insertion of a muscle?
Site that undergoes most of the movement when a muscle contracts
How are muscles sometimes named?
Action - flexor muscles, extensor muscles
Shape - deltoid means triangular
Location - biceps brachii is in the brachial region
Direction of fibers - rectus means straight
What are the functions of cutaneous muscles?
Twitch skin
Broad, thin superficial muscles found just beneath the skin with little or no bone attachment.
What are the functions of head/neck muscles?
Facial expressions Mastication Move eyes and ears Support head Allow head and neck to flex, extend and move laterally
What are the functions of the abdominal muscles?
Support abdominal organs
Help flex back
Participate in straining
Role in respiration
What are the functions of the thoracic muscles?
Superficial muscles of shoulder region
Flex shoulder
Pecs adduct front leg
Deltoid abduct and flex shoulder joint
What are the functions of the limb muscles?
Adduction, abduction, extensors, flexors, etc
What are the functions of the muscles of respiration?
Increase and decrease the size of the thoracic cavity
Inspiratory muscles - diaphragm, external intercostal muscles
Expiratory muscles - internal intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles
